Voiced velar fricative

Technopedia Center

Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science
S1 Informatics S1 Information Systems S1 Information Technology S1 Computer Engineering S1 Electrical Engineering S1 Civil Engineering

faculty of Economics and Business
S1 Management S1 Accountancy

Faculty of Letters and Educational Sciences
S1 English literature S1 English language education S1 Mathematics education S1 Sports Education

Voiced velar fricative - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Voiced velar fricative

IPA number 141

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity (decimal) ɣ

Unicode (hex) U+0263

X-SAMPA G

Braille

Image

Voiced velar tapped fricative
ɡ̞̆
ɣ̆

The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English but existed in Old English.^[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of the Greek letter gamma, ⟨γ⟩, which has this sound in Modern Greek. It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for a close-mid back unrounded vowel, which some writings^[2] use for the voiced velar fricative.

The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent the velar approximant, which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic: [ɣ̞] or [ɣ˕]. The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant, [ɰ].

There is also a voiced post-velar fricative, also called pre-uvular, in some languages. For the voiced pre-velar fricative, also called post-palatal, see voiced palatal fricative.

A voiced velar tapped fricative has been reported in Dàgáárè, which is a previously unattested sound in human language.

Features

Features of the voiced velar fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually be trill fricatives.


Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		бгъьы/bğë	[bɣʲə]	'leaf'
Adyghe		чъыгы/čëğë	[t͡ʂəɣə]^ⓘ	'tree'
Albanian	Arbëresh Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika	gliata	[ɣliɑtɑ]	'tall'
Alekano		gamó	[ɣɑmɤʔ]	'cucumber'
Aleut		agiitalix	[aɣiːtalix]	'with'
Angor		ranihı	[ɾɑniɣə]	'brother'
Angas		γür	[ɣyr]	'to pick up'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[3]	غريب/ğarīb	[ɣæˈriːb]^ⓘ	'stranger'	May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.^[4] See Arabic phonology
Aragonese		augua	[ˈawɣwa]	'water'	Allophone of /ɡ/
Aromanian		ghini	[ˈɣi.ni]	'well'	Allophone of /ɡ/
Aramaic	Eastern	ܦܓ̣ܪܐ paġrā	[pʌɣrɑ]	'body'	Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.
Aramaic	Western	ܦܓ̣ܪܐ paġrā	[fʌɣrɔ]	'body'
Asturian		gadañu	[ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ]	'scythe'	Allophone of /ɡ/ in almost all positions
Azerbaijani	Northern	oğul	[oɣul]	'son'
Azerbaijani	Southern	اوغول/oğul	[oɣul]	'son'
Basque^[5]		hego	[heɣo]	'wing'	Allophone of /ɡ/
Belarusian		галава/ğalava	[ɣalaˈva]	'head'
Catalan^[6]		agrat	[ɐˈɣɾɑt]	'liking'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of /ɡ/. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik		auga	[ˈauːɣa]	'his/her/its blood'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Chechen		гӀала / ğala	[ɣaːla]	'town'
Chinese	Mandarin (Dongping dialect)	俺/Ǎn	[ɣän⁵⁵]	'I'
Chinese	Xiang	湖南/húnán	[ɣu˩˧nia˩˧]	'Hunan (province)'
Czech		bych byl	[bɪɣ bɪl]	'I would be'	Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology. Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather /ɦ/
Dàgáárè		[pɔ́ɣ̆ɔ́]		'woman'	May be a velar with strong tap-like features.^[7]
Dinka		ɣo	[ɣo]	'us'
Dogrib		weqa^{[clarification needed]}	[weɣa]	'for'
Dutch	Standard Belgian^[8]^[9]	gaan	[ɣaːn]	'to go'	May be post-palatal [ʝ̠] instead.^[9] See Dutch phonology
Dutch	Southern accents^[9]	gaan	[ɣaːn]	'to go'	May be post-palatal [ʝ̠] instead.^[9] See Dutch phonology
English	Scouse	grass	[ɣrɑ:s]	'grass'	Allophone of /g/. See British English phonology^[10]
English	Northumbrian	^{[example needed]}			Burr^[11]
Georgian^[12]		ღარიბი/ğaribi	[ɣɑribi]	'poor'	May actually be post-velar or uvular
German^[13]^[14]^{[failed verification]}	Austrian	damalige	[ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə]	'former'	Intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/ in casual speech.^[13]^[14] See Standard German phonology
Ghari		cheghe	[tʃeɣe]	'five'
Greek		γάλα/gála	[ˈɣala]	'milk'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati		વાઘણ/vağaŕn	[ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃]	'tigress'	See Gujarati phonology
Gweno		ndeghe	[ndeɣe]	'bird'
Gwich’in		videeghàn	[viteːɣân]	'his/her chest'
Haitian Creole		diri	[diɣi]	'rice'
Hän		dëgëghor	[təkəɣor]	'I am playing'
Hebrew	Classical	מִגְדָּל/miğdol	[miɣdɔl]	'[a] tower'
Hebrew	Some Modern speakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing [ʁ])	שׁוֹמֵר/shomer	[ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ]	'[a male] guard', '[he] guards'	[ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ] by other Modern speakers
Hindustani	Hindi^[15]	ग़रीब/garib	[ɣ̄əriːb]^ⓘ	'poor'	Post-velar,^[15] conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with /g/. See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	غریب/gharib	[ɣ̄əriːb]^ⓘ	'poor'
Icelandic		saga	[ˈsaːɣa]	'saga'	See Icelandic phonology
Irish		a dhorn	[ə ɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ]	'his fist'	See Irish phonology
Istro-Romanian^[16]		gură	[ˈɣurə]	'mouth'	Corresponds to [ɡ]^{[in which environments?]} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Iwaidja		[mulaɣa]		'hermit crab'
Japanese^[17]		はげ/hage	[haɣe]	'baldness'	Allophone of /ɡ/, especially in fast or casual speech. See Japanese phonology
Judeo-Spanish		gato	[ˈɣ̞ato̪]^[18]	'cat'
Judeo-Spanish	Haketia	gher	[ɣeɾ]	'only'	appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic^[19]
Kabardian		гын/gyn	[ɣən]^ⓘ	'powder'
Komering		harong	[haɣoŋ]	'charcoal'
Lezgian		гъел/ğel	[ɣel]	'sleigh'
Lhaovo	Dago’	qid	[ɣìt]	'water'
Lhaovo	Yunnan		[ɣək˧˩]	'water'
Limburgish^[20]^[21]		gaw	[ɣɑ̟β̞]	'quick'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lishan Didan	Urmi Dialect	עוטג/otogh	[ˠotʰoɣ]	'room'	Generally post-velar
Lithuanian		humoras	[ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪]	'humor'	Preferred over [ɦ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Low German^[22]		gaan	[ˈɣɔ̃ːn]	'to go'	Increasingly replaced with High German [ɡ]
Malay	Standard	ghaib	[ɣai̯b]	'unseen'	Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with /ɡ/.
	Johor-Riau	ramai	[ɣamai̯]	'crowded (with people)'	/r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [ɣ] but now the alveolar tap [ɾ] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. See Malay phonology
	Kelantan-Pattani		[ɣamaː]		/r/ in Standard Malay is barely articulated in almost all of the Malay dialects in Malaysia. Usually it is uttered as guttural R at initial and medial position of a word. See Malay phonology
	Terengganu		[ɣamaː]
	Negeri Sembilan		[ɣamai̯]
	Pahang		[ɣamɛ̃ː]
	Sarawak		[ɣamɛː]
Macedonian	Berovo accent	дувна/duvna	[ˈduɣna]	'it blew'	Corresponds to etymological /x/ of other dialects, before sonorants. See Maleševo-Pirin dialect and Macedonian phonology
Macedonian	Bukovo accent	глава/glava	[ˈɡɣa(v)a]	'head'	Allophone of /l/ instead of usual [ɫ]. See Prilep-Bitola dialect
Mi'kmaq		nisaqan	[nisaɣan]	'weir'	Allophone of /x/ between sonorants. See Mi'kmaq language § Phonology.
Navajo		’aghá	[ʔaɣa]	'best'
Neapolitan	Central Lucanian (Accettura dialect)	chiahäte	[kjaˈɣɜ tə]^[23]	'wounded'	Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian.
Nepali		कागज/kağdz	[käɣʌ(d)z]	'paper'	Allophone of /ɡ/ and /ɡʱ/ in intervocalic positions. See Nepali phonology
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect		[nøɣə̀]	'sun'
Northern Qiang		hhnesh	[ɣnəʂ]	'February'
Norwegian	Urban East^[24]	å ha	[ɔ ˈɣɑː]	'to have'	Possible allophone of /h/ between two back vowels; can be voiceless [x] instead.^[24] See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Gascon	digoc	[diˈɣuk]	'said' (3rd pers. sg.)
Okanagan		ɣəɣicɣc	[ɣəɣitʃɣtʃ]	'Sparrow hawk'
Pashto		غاتر/ğatër	[ɣɑtər]	'mule'
Pela		[ɣɔ˥]		'to rain'
Persian		باغ/bāq	[bɒːɣ]	'garden'
Polish		niechże	[ˈɲɛɣʐɛ]	'let' (imperative particle)	Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese	European^[25]^[26]	agora	[ɐˈɣɔɾɐ]	'now'	Allophone of /ɡ/. See Portuguese phonology
Portuguese	Some Brazilian dialects^[27]	mármore	[ˈmaɣmuɾi]	'marble', 'sill'	Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to [x], itself allophone of /ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often as coda before voiced consonants.
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/carib	[ɣ̄əriːb]	'poor'
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	غریب/ġarrīb	[ɣ̄əriːb]	'poor'
Romani		γoines	[ɣoines]	'good'
Russian	Southern	дорога/doroga	[dɐˈro̞ɣə]	'road'	Corresponds to /ɡ/ in standard
	Standard	угу/ugu	[ʊˈɣu]	'uh-huh'	Usually nasal, /ɡ/ is used when spoken. See Russian phonology
	Standard	горох же / goroh že	[ɡʌˈroɣ ʐe]	'the peas'	Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.^[28]
Sakha		аҕа/ağa	[aɣa]	'father'
Sardinian	Nuorese dialect	súghere	[ˈsuɣɛrɛ]	'to suck'	Allophone of /ɡ/
Scottish Gaelic		laghail	[ɫ̪ɤɣal]	'lawful'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[29]		ovih bi	[ǒ̞ʋiɣ bi]	'of these would'	Allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.^[29] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
S'gaw Karen		ဂ့ၤ/ghei	[ɣei]	'good'
Sindhi		غم/camu	[ɣəmʊ]	'sadness'
Slovene	Standard	h gori	[ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí]	'to the mountain'	Allophone of /x/ before voiced obstruents. See Slovene phonology
Slovene	Some dialects	gajba	[ˈɣáːjbà]	'crate'	Corresponds to /ɡ/ in Standard Slovene. See Slovene phonology
Spanish		amigo	[a̠ˈmiɣo̟]	'friend'	Ranges from close fricative to approximant.^[30] Allophone of /ɡ/, see Spanish phonology
Swahili		ghali	[ɣali]	'expensive'
Swedish	Västerbotten Norrland dialects	meg	[mɪːɣ]	'me'	Allophone of /ɡ/. Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.^[31] Here also /∅/ in Kalix.
Tadaksahak		zog	[zoɣ]	'war'
Tajik		ғафс/cafs	[ɣafs]	'thick'
Tamazight		aɣilas (aghilas)	[aɣilas]	'leopard'
Tamil	Brahmin Tamil (non-standard)	முகம்	[muɣəm]	'face'	Not very common
Turkish	Non-standard	ağaç	[aɣat͡ʃ]	'tree'	Deleted in most dialects. See Turkish phonology
Tutchone	Northern	ihghú	[ihɣǔ]	'tooth'
Tutchone	Southern	ghra	[ɣra]	'baby'
Tyap		ghan	[ˈɣan]	'to hurry'
Uzbek^[32]		ёмғир / yomgʻir/yamğır	[ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪]	'rain'	Post-velar.^[32]
Vietnamese^[33]		ghế	[ɣe˧˥]	'chair'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian		drage	[ˈdraːɣə]	'to carry'	Never occurs in word-initial positions.
Yi		ꊋ/we	[ɣɤ˧]	'win'
Zhuang		Lwg roegbit	[lɯ˧ ɣo˧pi˥]	'Wild duckling'

Notes

^ Baker, Peter Stuar (2012). Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). pp. 15. ISBN 9781444354195. OCLC 778433078 – via Internet Archive. Between voiced sounds dotless g is pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
^ Such as Booij (1999) and Nowikow (2012).
^ Watson (2002), pp. 17 and 19-20.
^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
^ Hualde (1991), pp. 99–100.
^ Wheeler (2005), p. 10.
^ Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 52 (2): 341–367. doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225. S2CID 243402135.
^ Verhoeven (2005:243)
^ ^a ^b ^c Collins & Mees (2003:191)
^ Watson, Kevin (2007). Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
^ Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. ISBN 0-521-24224-X.
^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
^ ^a ^b Krech et al. (2009:108)
^ ^a ^b Sylvia Moosmüller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013.^{[failed verification]}
^ ^a ^b Kachru (2006), p. 20.
^ Pop (1938), p. 30.
^ Okada (1999), p. 118.
^ Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-22), Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology, De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110550283, hdl:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48, ISBN 978-3-11-055028-3, retrieved 2023-12-17
^ "Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo".
^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
^ Peters (2006:119)
^ R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960
^ Volpi, Luigi (2011). La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera (in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.^{[ISBN missing]}
^ ^a ^b Vanvik (1979), p. 40.
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 92.
^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000), p. 11.
^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 228.
^ Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969) The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b Landau et al. (1999:67)
^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
^ "685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)". 1893.
^ ^a ^b Sjoberg (1963), p. 13.
^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

References

Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
Hualde, José Ignacio (1991), Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780203168004
Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000), The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823581-X
Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992], Fonetyka hiszpańska (3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8
Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Quilis, Antonio (1981), Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos, ISBN 9788424901325
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7

External links

List of languages with [ɣ] on PHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labial–palatal

Labial–velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other	Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃] Nasal palatal approximant [j̃] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]