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Bijago language - Wikipedia

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Bidyogo
Bijago
Native to	Guinea-Bissau
Region	Offshore Bissagos Islands
Native speakers	36,000 (2022)^[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Atlantic Senegambian Bak Bidyogo
Dialects	Kagbaaga Kajoko (Orango) Anhaqui (Anhaki) Kamona
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`bjg`
Glottolog	`bijo1239`
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Bijago or Bidyogo is the language of the Bissagos Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau. Bidyogo is the "dominant mother tongue of the archipelago population", though it is not used in schooling there, a role that has been taken on Kriol since the 1990s.^[2] There are some difficulties of grammar and intelligibility between dialects, with the Kamona dialect being unintelligible to the others.

Dialects are as follows:

Anhaki on Canhabaque (Roxa) Island
Kagbaaga on Bubaque Island
Kajoko on Orango and Uno Islands.
Kamona on the northern Caravela and Carache Islands

Characteristics

The Kajoko dialect is one of the few in the world known to use a linguolabial consonant, the voiced stop to tap [d̼ ~ ɾ̼], in its basic sound system (Olson et al. 2009).

Classification

Bijago is highly divergent. Sapir (1971) classified it as an isolate within the West Atlantic family. However, Segerer showed that this is primarily due to unrecognized sound changes, and that Bijago is in fact close to the Bak languages. For example, the following cognates in Bijago and Joola Kasa (a Bak language) are completely regular, but had not previously been identified (Segerer 2010):

Gloss	Bijago	Joola Kasa
head	bu	fu-kow
eye	nɛ	ji-cil

References

^ Bidyogo at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
^ Feytor Pinto , Paulo. 2024. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384074386_Bilingual_education_in_the_Bissagos_islands_of_Guinea-Bissau, p. 53

Olson, Kenneth S., D. William Reiman, Fernando Sabio & Filipe Alberto da Silva. 2009. The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko. Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS) 45(1), 519-530.
Segerer, Guillaume. La langue bijogo. Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1997.
Segerer, Guillaume. Lʼorigine des Bijogo : hypothèses de linguiste. In Gaillard, Gérald (Ed), Migrations anciennes et peuplement actuel des Côtes guinéennes, Paris : LʼHarmattan, 2000, pp. 183–191
Segerer, Guillaume. La langue bijogo de Bubaque (Guinée Bissau). Louvain, Paris : Editions Peeters, 2002. 310 pp.
Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'". Language Isolates in Africa workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4

v t e Languages of Guinea-Bissau
Official language	Portuguese
Non-official languages	Badyara Bainouk-Gunyuño Balanta-Kentohe Bassari Bayot Biafada Bijago Fula Creole Jola-Felupe Jola-Fonyi Kasanga Kobiana Mandinka Manjak Mankanya Mansoanka Nalu Papel Soninke
Immigrant languages	English French Spanish Arabic German Italian Hindi Hebrew Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Romani Russian