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Bugyō - Wikipedia

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Reconstruction of the residence of the North Edo machi-bugyō in present-day Tokyo.

Bugyō (奉行) was a title assigned to samurai officials in feudal Japan. Bugyō is often translated as commissioner, magistrate, or governor, and other terms would be added to the title to describe more specifically a given official's tasks or jurisdiction.

Pre-Edo period

In the Heian period (794–1185), the post or title of bugyō would be applied only to an official with a set task; once that task was complete, the officer would cease to be called bugyō. However, in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and later, continuing through the end of the Edo period (1603–1868), posts and titles came to be created on a more permanent and regular basis. ^[1] Over time, there came to be 36 bugyō in the bureaucracy of the Kamakura shogunate.^[2]

In 1434, Ashikaga Yoshinori established the Tosen-bugyō to regulate foreign affairs for the Ashikaga shogunate.^[1]

In 1587, a Japanese invading army occupied Seoul; and one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's first acts was to create a bugyō for the city, replicating a familiar pattern in an unfamiliar setting.^[3]

Edo period

During the Edo period, the number of bugyō reached its largest extent as the bureaucracy of the Tokugawa shogunate expanded on an ad hoc basis, responding to perceived needs and changing circumstances.

List

Edo machi-bugyō (江戸町奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators of Edo.^[4]
- Kita-machi-bugyō (北町奉行) – North Edo magistrate.^[5]
- Minami-machi-bugyō (南町奉行) – South Edo magistrate.^[5]
Fushin-bugyō (普請奉行) – Superintendents of Public Works.^[6]
Gaikoku-bugyō (外国奉行) – Commissioners in charge of trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries after 1858.^[7]
Gunkan-bugyō (軍鑑奉行) – Commissioners in charge of naval matters (post-1859).^[7]
Gusoku-bugyō (具足奉行) – Commissioners in charge of supplying the shogunal armies.
- Bugu-bugyō (武具奉行) – Commissioners in charge of supplying the shogunal armies (post-1863), replaced Gusoku-bugyō.
Hakodate bugyō (箱館奉行) – Overseers of the port of Hakodate and neighboring territory of Ezo.^[7]
Haneda bugyō (羽田奉行) – Overseers of the port of Haneda; commissioners of coastal defenses near Edo (post-1853).^[8]
Hyōgo bugyō (兵庫奉行) – Overseers of the port of Hyōgo (post-1864).^[9]
Jisha-bugyō (寺社奉行) – Ministers or administrators for religious affairs; overseers of the country's temples and shrines.^[10]
Jiwari-bugyō (地割奉行)- Commissioners of surveys and surveying.^[11]
Kanagawa bugyō (神奈川奉行) – Overseers of the port of Kanagawa (post-1859).^[12]
Kanjō-bugyō (勘定奉行) – Ministers or administrators for shogunal finance (post-1787).^[13]
- Gundai (郡代)– Deputies.^[6]
- Daikan (代官)- Deputies.^[6]
- Kane-bugyō (金奉行) – Superintendents of the Treasury.
- Kura-bugyō (倉庫奉行) – Superintendents of Cereal Stores.^[6]
- Kinza (金座) – Gold za or monopoly office (post-1595).^[14]
- Ginza (銀座) – Silver za or monopoly office (post-1598).^[14]
- Dōza (銅座) – Copper za or monopoly office (post-1636)^[14] and (1701–1712, 1738–1746, 1766–1768).^[15]
- Shuza (朱座) – Cinnabar za or monopoly office (post-1609).^[16]
Kanjō-ginmiyaku – Comptrollers of Finance.^[6]
Kantō gundai – Kantō deputies.^[6]
Kinzan-bugyō (金山奉行) – Commissioners of mines.^[17]
Kyoto shoshidai (京都所司代) -- Shogunal representatives at Kyoto.^[18]
- Kyoto machi-bugyō (京都町奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators of Kyoto.^[19]
- Fushimi bugyō (伏見奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators of Fushimi (post-1620).^[20]
- Nara bugyō (奈良奉行) – Governors of Nara.^[21]
Machi-bugyō (町奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators in shogunal cities: Edo, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Nara, Nikkō, and Osaka.^[18]
Nagasaki bugyō (長崎奉行) – Governor of Nagasaki.^[22]
Niigata bugyō (新潟奉行) – Overseers of the port of Niigata.
Nikkō bugyō (日光奉行) – Overseers of Nikkō.^[23]
Osaka jōdai (大阪城代) – Overseers of Osaka Castle.^[24]
- Osaka machi-bugyō (大阪町奉行) – Magistrates or municipal administrators in shogunal cities like Osaka.^[18]
- Sakai bugyō (堺奉行) – Overseers of the town of Sakai.^[24]
Rōya-bugyō (牢屋奉行) – Commissioners of the shogunal prison.^[25]
Sado bugyō (佐渡奉行) – Overseers of the island of Sado.^[26]
Sakuji-bugyō (作事奉行) – Commissioners of works (post-1632).^[27]
Shimoda bugyō (下田奉行) – Overseers of the port of Shimoda.^[28]
Sumo-bugyō (相撲奉行) – Ancestors of the function of gyōji. Officials during the Kamakura shogunate in charge of refereeing sumo matches at the imperial court.^[29]
Sunpu jōdai (駿府城代) – Overseers of Sunpu Castle.^[24]
Uraga bugyō (浦賀奉行) – Overseers of the port of Uraga.^[30]
Yamada bugyō (山田奉行) -- Representatives of the shogunate at Ise.^[31]
Zaimoku-ishi bugyō (材木石奉行) - Overseer of construction materials for the Shōgun's properties (from 1647)^[32]
Zen bugyō (膳奉行) – Overseer of victuals for the Shōgun's table^[32]

Meiji period

In the early years of the Meiji Restoration, the title of bugyō continued to be used for government offices and conventional practices where nothing else had been created to replace the existing Tokugawa system. For example, the commander-in-chief of artillery under the early Meiji government was called the Hohei-bugyō.^[33] As the new government passed its numerous reforms, the term bugyō was soon phased out of usage.

Notes

^ ^a ^b Kinihara, Misako. The Establishment of the Tosen-bugyō in the Reign of Ashikaga Yoshinori (唐船奉行の成立 : 足利義教による飯尾貞連の登用), Tokyo Woman's Christian University. Essays and S.tudies. Abstract.
^ Brinkley, Frank et al. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era, p. 436.
^ Cullin, Louis. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582–1941, p. 27.
^ Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, p. 243 n113.
^ ^a ^b Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai, p. 42.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Jansen, Marius. (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan, p. 186, citing John Whitney Hall. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c Beasley, William. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868, p. 322.
^ Cullen, p. 170.
^ Beasley, p. 323.
^ Screech, p. 245 n35; Beasley, p. 323.
^ Naito, Akira et al. (2003). Edo: the City that Became Tokyo, p. 26.
^ Beasley, p. 324.
^ Screech, p. 19; Beasley, p. 324; Roberts, Luke Shepherd. (1998). Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th Century Tosa, p. 207.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jensen, p. 186; Schaede, Ulrike. (2000). Cooperative Capitalism: Self-Regulation, Trade Associations, and the Antimonopoly Law in Japan, p. 223.
^ Shimada, Ryuto. (2005). The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper by the Dutch East India Company, p. 51.
^ Takekoshi, Yosaburo. (1930). The economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan, p. 238.
^ Hall, John Whitney. (1955) Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan, p. 201
^ ^a ^b ^c Beasley, p. 325.
^ Sasama Yoshihiko. (1995). Edo machi-bugyō jiten, p. 11; Screech, p. 19.
^ Murdoch, James. (1996) A History of Japan, p. 10; Jansen, Marius B. (1995). Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration, p. 226.
^ Murdoch, p. 10;
^ Screech, p. 12; Beasley, p. 326.
^ Screech, p. 241 n69.
^ ^a ^b ^c Murdoch, p. 9.
^ Sasama, p. 152.
^ Cullen, p. 112.
^ Coaldrake, William H. (1996) Architecture and Authority in Japan, p. 178.
^ Beasley, p. 329.
^ Cuyler, Patricia Lee (1979). Sumo: From rite to sport. New York: Weatherhill. p. 73. ISBN 9780834801455.
^ Cullen, p. 173; Beasley p. 330.
^ Murdoch, p. 334.
^ ^a ^b Papinot, E (1910). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan. Tuttle (reprint). p. 763. ISBN 0804809968.
^ Van de Polder, Léon. (1891). "Abridged History of the Copper Coins of Japan," Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan p. 419-500.

References

Beasley, William G. (1951). Britain and the Opening of Japan, 1834–1858. London: Luzac & Company. reprinted by Routledge, London, 1995. ISBN 978-1-873410-43-1 (paper)
____________. (1955). Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853–1868. London: Oxford University Press. [reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2 (cloth)]
Brinkley, Frank. (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era. London: Encyclopædia Britannica.
Coaldrake, William H. (1996) Architecture and Authority in Japan. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10601-6 (paper)
Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82155-X (cloth) -- ISBN 0-521-52918-2 (paper)
Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3536-7 (cloth)
Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
Hall, John Whitney. (1955) Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Jansen, Marius B. (1995). Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10173-2
____________. (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48404-9
Kinihara, Misako. The Establishment of the Tosen bugyō in the Reign of Ashikaga Yoshinori (唐船奉行の成立 : 足利義教による飯尾貞連の登用), Tokyo Woman's Christian University. Essays and Studies. 44:2, 27–53.
James Murdoch. (1926). A History of Japan. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. reprinted by Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-15417-0
Naito, Akira, Kazuo Hozumi, and H. Mack Horto. (2003). Edo: the City that Became Tokyo. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 4-7700-2757-5
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A.R. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital, 794–1869. Kyoto: Ponsonby-Fane Memorial.
Roberts, Luke Shepherd. (1998). Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th Century Tosa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-89335-6
Sasama Yoshihiko (1995). Edo Machi Bugyō Jiten. Tokyo: Kashiwa-shobo.
Sato, Yasunobu. (2001). Commercial Dispute Processing and Japan. Amsterdam: Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-90-411-1668-0 (cloth)
Schaede, Ulrike. (2000). Cooperative Capitalism: Self-Regulation, Trade Associations, and the Antimonopoly Law in Japan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-829718-5 (cloth)
Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-7007-1720-X
Shimada, Ryuto. (2005). The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper by the Dutch East India Company. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-15092-8 (cloth)
Takekoshi, Yosaburo. (1930). The economic aspects of the history of the civilization of Japan. New York: Macmillan.

Tokugawa bureaucracy organization chart

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Ōmetsuke

Metsuke

Rōjū

Jisha-bugyō

Tairō

Rōjū-kaku

Edo machi-bugyō

Kita-machi-bugyō

Shōgun

Sobayōnin

Gaikoku-bugyō

Minami-machi-bugyō

Wakadoshiyori

Gunkan-bugyō

Honjo machi-bugyō

Daimyō

Gusoku-bugyō

Gundai

Daikan

Kinza (gold monopoly)

Kane-bugyō

Kanjō bugyō

Ginza (silver monopoly)

Kura-bugyō

Kinzan-bugyō

Dōza (copper monopoly)

Kyoto shoshidai

Kyoto machi-bugyō

Shuza (cinnabar monopoly)

Rōya-bugyō

Sakuji-bugyō

Notes

This bureaucracy evolved in an ad hoc manner, responding to perceived needs.

v t e Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate
Shōgun	Ieyasu (1603–1605) Hidetada (1605–1623) Iemitsu (1623–1651) Ietsuna (1651–1680) Tsunayoshi (1680–1709) Ienobu (1709–1712) Ietsugu (1713–1716) Yoshimune (1716–1745) Ieshige (1745–1760) Ieharu (1760–1786) Ienari (1787–1837) Ieyoshi (1837–1853) Iesada (1853–1858) Iemochi (1858–1866) Yoshinobu (1867–1868)
Tairō	Sakai Tadayo (1636) Doi Toshikatsu (1638–1644) Sakai Tadakatsu (1638–1656) Sakai Tadakiyo (1666–1680) Ii Naozumi (1668–1676) Hotta Masatoshi (1681–1684) Ii Naooki (1696–1700, 1711–1714) Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu (1706–1709) Ii Naoyuki (1784–1787) Ii Naoaki (1835–1841) Ii Naosuke (1858–1860) Sakai Tadashige (1865)
Rōjū	Ōkubo Tadachika (1593–1614) Ōkubo Nagayasu (1600–1613) Honda Masanobu (1600–1615) Naruse Masanari (1600–1616) Andō Naotsugu (1600–1616) Honda Masazumi (1600–1622) Naitō Kiyonari (1601–1606) Aoyama Tadanari (1601–1606) Aoyama Narishige (1608–1613) Sakai Tadatoshi (1609–1627) Sakai Tadayo (1610–1634) Doi Toshikatsu (1610–1638) Andō Shigenobu (1611–1621) Naitō Kiyotsugu (1616–1617) Aoyama Tadatoshi (1616–1623) Inoue Masanari (1617–1628) Nagai Naomasa (1622–1633) Abe Masatsugu (1623–1626) Inaba Masakatsu (1623–1634) Naitō Tadashige (1623–1633) Sakai Tadakatsu (1624–1638) Morikawa Shigetoshi (1628–1632) Aoyama Yukinari (1628–1633) Matsudaira Nobutsuna (1632–1662) Abe Tadaaki (1633–1666) Hotta Masamori (1635–1651) Abe Shigetsugu (1638–1651) Matsudaira Norinaga (1642–1654) Sakai Tadakiyo (1653–1666) Inaba Masanori (1657–1681) Kuze Hiroyuki (1663–1679) Itakura Shigenori (1665–1668, 1670–1673) Tsuchiya Kazunao (1665–1679) Abe Masayoshi (1673–1676) Ōkubo Tadatomo (1677–1698) Hotta Masatoshi (1679–1681) Doi Toshifusa (1679–1681) Itakura Shigetane (1680–1681) Toda Tadamasa (1681–1699) Abe Masatake (1681–1704) Matsudaira Nobuyuki (1685–1686) Tsuchiya Masanao (1687–1718) Ogasawara Nagashige (1697–1705, 1709–1710) Akimoto Takatomo (1699–1707) Inaba Masamichi (1701–1707) Honda Masanaga (1704–1711) Ōkubo Tadamasu (1705–1713) Inoue Masamine (1705–1722) Abe Masataka (1711–1717) Kuze Shigeyuki (1713–1720) Matsudaira Nobutsune (1714–1716) Toda Tadazane (1714–1729) Mizuno Tadayuki (1717–1730) Andō Nobutomo (1722–1732) Matsudaira Norisato (1723–1745) Matsudaira Tadachika (1724–1728) Ōkubo Tsuneharu (1728) Sakai Tadaoto (1728–1735) Matsudaira Nobutoki (1730–1744) Matsudaira Terusada (1730–1745) Kuroda Naokuni (1732–1735) Honda Tadanaga (1734–1746) Toki Yoritoshi (1742–1744) Sakai Tadazumi (1744–1749) Matsudaira Norikata (1745–1746) Hotta Masasuke (1745–1761) Nishio Tadanao (1746–1760) Honda Masayoshi (1746–1758) Matsudaira Takechika (1746–1779) Sakai Tadayori (1749–1764) Matsudaira Terutaka (1758–1781) Inoue Masatsune (1760–1763) Akimoto Sumitomo (1747–1764, 1765–1767) Abe Masahiro (1837-1857) Doi Toshitsura (1838–1844) Inoue Masaharu (1840–1843) Andō Nobumasa (1860–1862) Itakura Katsukiyo (1862–1864, 1865–1868) Inoue Masanao (1862–1864) Mizuno Tadakiyo (1862–1866) Sakai Tadashige (1863–1864) Arima Michizumi (1863–1864) Makino Tadayuki (1863–1865) Matsumae Takahiro (1864–1865) Abe Masato (1864–1865) Suwa Tadamasa (1864–1865) Inaba Masakuni (1864–1865, 1866–1868) Matsudaira Munehide (1864–1866) Inoue Masanao (1865–1867) Matsudaira Yasuhide (1865–1868) Mizuno Tadanobu (1866) Matsudaira Norikata (1866–1868) Inaba Masami (1866–1868) Matsudaira Sadaaki (1867) Ōkōchi Masatada (1867–1868) Sakai Tadatō (1867–1868) Tachibana Taneyuki (1868)
Wakadoshiyori	Nagai Naoyuki (1867–1868)
Kyoto shoshidai	Okudaira Nobumasa (1600–1601) Itakura Katsushige (1601–1619) Makino Chikashige (1654–1668) Itakura Shigenori (1668–1670) Nagai Naotsune (1670–1678) Toda Tadamasa (1678–1681) Inaba Masamichi (1681–1685) Tsuchiya Masanao (1685–1687) Naitō Shigeyori (1687–1690) Matsudaira Nobuoki (1690–1691) Ogasawara Nagashige (1691–1697) Matsudaira Nobutsune (1697–1714) Mizuno Tadayuki (1714–1717) Matsudaira Tadachika(1717–1724) Makino Hideshige (1724–1734) Toki Yoritoshi {1734–1742) Makino Sadamichi (1742–1749) Matsudaira Sukekuni (1749–1752) Sakai Tadamochi (1752–1756) Matsudaira Terutaka(1756–1758) Inoue Masatsune (1758–1760) Abe Masasuke (1760–1764) Abe Masachika (1764–1768) Doi Toshisato (1769–1777) Kuze Hiroakira (1777–1781) Makino Sadanaga (1781–1784) Toda Tadatō (1784–1789) Ōta Sukeyoshi (1789–1782) Hotta Masanari (1792–1798) Makino Tadakiyo (1798–1801) Doi Toshiatsu (1801–1802) Aoyama Tadayasu (1802–1804) Inaba Masanobu (1804–1806) Abe Masayoshi (1806–1808) Sakai Tadayuki (1808–1815) Ōkubo Tadazane (1815–1818) Matsudaira Norihiro (1818–1823) Naitō Nobuatsu (1823–1825) Matsudaira Yasutō (1825–1826) Mizuno Tadakuni (1826–1828) Matsudaira Muneakira (1828–1832) Ōta Sukemoto (1832–1834) Matsudaira Nobuyori (1834–1837) Doi Toshitsura (1837–1838) Manabe Akikatsu (1838–1840) Makino Tadamasa (1840–1843) Sakai Tadaaki (1843–1850) Naitō Nobuchika (1850–1851) Wakisaka Yasuori (1851–1857) Honda Tadamoto (1857–1858) Sakai Tadaaki (1858–1862) Matsudaira Munehide (1862) Makino Tadayuki (1862–1863) Inaba Masakuni (1863–1864) Matsudaira Sadaaki (1864–1867)
Bugyō	Bugu-bugyō (post-1863) Edo machi-bugyō Fushimi bugyō Gaikoku-bugyō (post-1858) Gunkan-bugyō (post-1859) Gusoku-bugyō Hakodate bugyō Haneda bugyō (post-1853) Hyōgo bugyō (post-1864) Jisha-bugyō Kanagawa bugyō (post-1859) Kanjō-bugyō (post-1787) Kinzan-bugyō Kyoto machi-bugyō Nara bugyō Machi-bugyō Nagasaki bugyō Niigata bugyō Nikkō bugyō Osaka jōdai Osaka machi-bugyō Rōya-bugyō Sado bugyō Sakai bugyō Sakuji-bugyō (post-1632) Shimoda bugyō Sunpu jōdai Uraga bugyō Yamada bugyō
Ōmetsuke	Yagyū Munenori (1632–1636) Mizuno Morinobu (1632–1636) Akiyama Masashige 1632–1640) Inoue Masashige (1632–1658) Kagazume Tadazumi (1640–1650) Nakane Masamori (1650) Hōjō Ujinaga (1655–1670) Ōoka Tadatane (1670) Nakayama Naomori (1684) Sengoku Hisanao (1695–1719) Shōda Yasutoshi (1699–1701) Sakakibara Tadayuki (1836–1837) Atobe Yoshisuke (1839–1841, 1855–1856) Tōyama Kagemoto (1844) Ido Hiromichi 1853–1855) Tsutsui Masanori (1854–1857) Ōkubo Tadahiro (1862) Matsudaira Yasuhide (1864) Nagai Naoyuki (1864–1865, 1865–1867) Yamaoka Takayuki (1868) Oda Nobushige (1868)
Kyoto Shugoshoku	Matsudaira Katamori (1862–1864) Matsudaira Yoshinaga (1864) Matsudaira Katamori (1864–1867)

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