| Chuckwalla[1] Sauromalus | |
|---|---|
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| Common chuckwalla, S. ater (male) | |
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| Common chuckwalla, S. ater (female) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Iguania |
| Family: | Iguanidae |
| Genus: | Sauromalus Dumeril, 1856 |
| Type species | |
| Sauromalus ater Dumeril, 1856
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| Species | |
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Sauromalus ater (including Sauromalus obesus) | |
Chuckwallas are lizards found primarily in arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Some are found on coastal islands. The five species of chuckwallas are all placed within the genus Sauromalus; they are part of the iguanid family, Iguanidae.
Taxonomy and etymology
The generic name, Sauromalus, is said to be a combination of two ancient Greek words: sauros meaning "lizard" and homalos (ὁμαλός) meaning "flat".[2][3] The common name "chuckwalla" derives from the Shoshone word tcaxxwal or Cahuilla čaxwal, transcribed by Spaniards as chacahuala.[4]
Extant species
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
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Sauromalus ater | common chuckwalla | eastern California, Utah, Arizona, and Nevada south to Baja California and Sonora. |
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Sauromalus hispidus | Angel Island chuckwalla | Isla Ángel de la Guarda and 10 smaller islands in the Gulf of California |
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Sauromalus klauberi | Santa Catalina chuckwalla / Spotted chuckwalla | Baja California |
| Sauromalus slevini | Monserrat chuckwalla | islands in the Sea of Cortés: Isla del Carmen, Isla Coronados, and Isla Monserrate | |
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Sauromalus varius | San Esteban chuckwalla / piebald chuckwalla / pinto chuckwalla | endemic to San Esteban Island in the Gulf of California |
Description
Chuckwallas are stocky, wide-bodied lizards with flattened midsections and prominent bellies. Their tails are thick, tapering to a blunt tip.[5] Loose folds of skin characterize the neck and sides of their bodies, which are covered in small, coarsely granular scales. The common chuckwalla (Sauromalus ater) measures 15.75 inches (40.0 cm) long, whereas insular species such as the San Esteban chuckwalla of San Esteban Island (Sauromalus varius) can measure as long as 30 inches (76 cm)
They are sexually dimorphic, with males having reddish-pink to orange, yellow, or light gray bodies and black heads, shoulders, and limbs; females and juveniles have bodies with scattered spots or contrasting bands of light and dark in shades of gray or yellow. Males are generally larger than females and possess well-developed femoral pores located on the inner sides of their thighs; these pores produce secretions believed to play a role in marking territory.[5]
Range, habitat, and diet
The genus Sauromalus has a wide distribution in biomes of the Sonoran and Mojave Deserts.[5] The common chuckwalla (S. ater) is the species with the greatest range, found from southern California east to southern Nevada and Utah and western Arizona, and south to Baja California and northwestern Mexico.[5] The peninsular chuckwalla (S. australis) is found on the eastern portion of the southern half of the Baja California Peninsula.[6]
The other species are island-dwelling, so have much more restricted distributions. The Angel Island chuckwalla (S. hispidus) is found on Isla Ángel de la Guarda and surrounding islands off the coast of the Baja California Peninsula.[7] Two rare and endangered species are the Montserrat chuckwalla (S. slevini) found on Islas Carmen, Coronados, and Montserrat in the southern Gulf of California and the San Esteban chuckwalla or painted chuckwalla (S. varius) found on San Esteban Island, Lobos, and Pelicanos.
Chuckwallas prefer lava flows and rocky areas[5] typically vegetated by creosote bush and other such drought-tolerant scrub. The lizards may be found at elevations up to 4,500 ft (1,370 m).[5]
Primarily herbivorous, chuckwallas feed on leaves, fruit, and flowers of annuals and perennial plants; insects represent a supplementary prey.[5] The lizards are said to prefer yellow flowers, such as those of the brittlebush (Encelia farinosa).[5]
Behavior and reproduction
Harmless to humans, these lizards are known to run from potential threats.[5] When disturbed, a chuckwalla wedges itself into a tight rock crevice and inflates its lungs to entrench itself.[5][8]
Males are seasonally and conditionally territorial; an abundance of resources tends to create a hierarchy based on size, with one large male dominating the area's smaller males.[5] Chuckwallas use a combination of color and physical displays, namely "push-ups", head-hobbing, and gaping of the mouth, to communicate and defend their territory.[5]
Chuckwallas are diurnal animals and as they are ectothermic, spend much of their mornings and winter days basking.[5] These lizards are well adapted to desert conditions; they are active at temperatures up to 39 °C (102 °F). Chuckwallas hibernate during cooler months and emerge in February.[5] Juveniles emerge first, then adults, as temperatures reach around 32 °C (90 °F).[5]
Mating occurs from April to July, with five to 16 eggs laid between June and August. The eggs hatch in late September.[5] Chuckwallas may live for 25 years or more.
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Large male chuckwalla, picture taken in the White Tank Mountains near Surprise, Arizona -
Adult chuckwalla of the Sonoran Desert -
Juvenile chuckwalla of the Sonoran Desert -
Adult chuckwalla of the Mojave Desert -
Large male common chuckwalla in Joshua Tree National Park -
A chuckwalla sneezing salt in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park -
Baby Chuckwalla, Titus Canyon, Death Valley National Park -
Adult male Sonoran Desert chuckwalla. The photo was taken in May in Paradise Valley, Arizona.
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Human use
The Seri people considered the Angel Island species of chuckwalla an important food item.[9] They are believed to have translocated the lizards to most of the islands in Bahia de los Angeles for use as a food source in times of need.[7]
The chuckwalla was also a valuable food source to the Timbisha Shoshone people from the Death Valley region[10]. Known to have tender meat, sometimes likened to frog legs, they would also trade it with nearby Tribes that did not have access to the creatures. They were typically hunted with sharp bone and later wire hooks used to puncture the air sacs, allowing the chuckwalla to be removed from the rocks it would wedge itself between[10].
References
- ^ "Sauromalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
- ^ Avise, John C. (2015). Sketches of Nature: A Geneticist's Look at the Biological World During a Golden Era of Molecular Ecology. Elsevier Science. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-12-801960-3.
- ^ Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ^ "Definition of CHUCKWALLA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved Jun 7, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Stebbins, Robert C., (2003) A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, ISBN 0-395-98272-3
- ^ Hollingsworth, Bradford D. (1998). "The systematics of chuckwallas (Sauromalus) with a phylogenetic analysis of other iguanid lizards". Herpetological Monographs. 12: 38–191. doi:10.2307/1467020. JSTOR 1467020.
- ^ a b Case, T. J. (1982). "Ecology and evolution of insular gigantic chuckwallas, Sauromalus hispidus and Sauromalus varius". Iguanas of the World. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications. pp. 184–212. ISBN 0-8155-0917-0.
- ^ Deban, Stephen M.; O'Reilly, James C.; Theimer, Tad (1994). "Mechanism of defensive inflation in the chuckwalla, Sauromalus obesus". Journal of Experimental Zoology. 270 (5): 451–459. Bibcode:1994JEZ...270..451D. doi:10.1002/jez.1402700506.
- ^ Richard Felger and Mary B. Moser (1985) People of the desert and sea: ethnobotany of the Seri Indians Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
- ^ a b Wallace, William J. (1978). "The Chuckwalla: A Death Valley Indian Food". The Journal of California Anthropology. 5 (1): 109–113. ISSN 0361-7181.
Further reading
- Köhler, Gunther; Zorn, Hannes (18 July 2014). Chuckwallas: Lebensweise, Pflege, Zucht (in German). Offenbach, DE: Herpeton Verlag Elke Köhler. ISBN 978-3-936180-43-5.
External links
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