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Crimean campaign against Russia (1591)
Part of Russo-Crimean wars
Donskoy Monastery, founded in honor of the victory over the army of Gaza II Gerai
Date July 1591 Location South Russian steppes; surroundings Moscow Result Russian victory
Belligerents
Tsardom of Russia	Crimean Khanate
Commanders and leaders
Fedor Mstislavsky Boris Godunov	Gazi II Giray
Strength
Unknown	150,000+
Casualties and losses
Unknown	About 100,000 (estimate)

Crimean campaign against Russia (1591) is a major campaign of the Crimean-Nogai army led by The invasion of the Russian lands by II Gerai, undertaken in 1591 at. As a result, the Crimean army was defeated in the battle under the walls Moscow and turned to flight, suffering significant losses. This campaign was the last in which the troops of the The Crimean Khanate managed to approach Moscow.

In the summer of 1591, Crimean Khan Gazi II Giray organized a large-scale campaign against the Tsardom of Russia. Early warnings of the invasion were sent by frontier scouts near Livny, followed by reports from the governors of Tula and Dedilov. The Russian government ordered all "Ukrainian" regiments (border forces) to assemble in Serpukhov and retreat towards Moscow. Prince Fyodor Mstislavsky and Boris Godunov were appointed to lead the defense, gathering troops near the capital and fortifying the area with a mobile field fortification known as a gulyay-gorod (mobile wooden fortress).

On July 2, 1591, the Crimean army crossed the Oka River between Kashira and Serpukhov and advanced toward Moscow. On the morning of July 4, the main forces of Gazi II Giray encamped at Kotly, where they launched an attack on the Russian troops positioned within the fortifications. Despite heavy assaults, the Crimean forces were unable to breach the defenses. Russian troops, using heavy artillery and firearms, successfully repelled the attackers and launched counterattacks that disrupted the enemy's formations.

During the night, a 3,000-strong detachment led by Vasily Yanov conducted a raid on the Crimean camp in Kolomenskoye, creating panic among the invaders. On July 6, Gazi II Giray ordered a retreat. The Crimean forces abandoned much of their baggage train and suffered heavy losses during the Russian pursuit, which continued as far as Tula. Among the wounded were the khan himself and his relatives, including Safa Giray and Bakht Giray.

Following the defeat, Gazi II Giray wrote to Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, proposing to renew peace and promising independence from the Ottoman Empire. However, in 1592, taking advantage of the Russian army's engagement in the Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595), the Crimean forces launched another raid on the southern borderlands, capturing many prisoners. A formal peace treaty was only concluded in 1594.^[1]

In commemoration of the victory, the Donskoy Monastery was founded in 1591 on the site of the Russian fortifications near Moscow.^[2]

• Войны и войска Московского государства (конец XV — первая половина XVII вв.). 2004. p. 572. ISBN 978-5-699-05914-0.
• Пенской В. В. Последний бой: нашествие крымского хана Гази-Гирея II на Москву в 1591 г. / БелГУ // История в подробностях. — 2010. — № 11. — С. 16–29.
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• C. M. Kortepeter (1966). "Ġāzī Girāy II, Khan of the Crimea, and Ottoman Policy in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, 1588–94". The Slavonic and East European Review. 44 (102): 139–166. ISSN 0037-6795.
• Ahmet Türk (2000). The Crimean Khanate under the reign of Gazi Giray II (Master's thesis). Bilkent University.
• The Great Russian Encyclopedia : [in 35 volumes]/ / ch. ed. by Yu. S. Osipov. — M. : The Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004-2017.
• А. В. Виноградов. Русско-крымские отношения 1591—1593 годов: от конфронтации к поискам мирных решений.