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Urartians (Armenian: Ուրարտացիներ) were an ancient people who lived in the Armenian highlands and spoke the Urartian language.

The Urartians constituted the political elite of the state of Urartu, which existed as a tribal union from the 13th century BC and as a centralized state from the 8th to the 6th centuries BC^[1]. The greatest territorial expansion of Urartu ccurred in 743 BC.

According to the migration-mixed hypothesis of Armeni ethnogenesis proposed by I. M. Diakonov, the Urartians, along with the Hurrians and Luwians^[2], gradually adopted the Indo-European, Proto-Armenian language. They later became part of the Armenian ethnos, transmitting their cultural heritage and forming the primary genetic component of the modern Armenian people.

Exact information about the origin of the Urartians is absent. It is known that the Urartians, like the Akkadians and Hurrians, belonged to the Armenoid race of populations^[3]. It is assumed that the Urartians spread across the Armenian highlands from the region of Rewanduz (modern-day northwestern Iran), where the ancient city of Musasir was located^{[4][5][6][7][4]}. The ruling dynasty of Urartu likely had Indo-European origins, as the names of Urartian rulers have parallels in Balkan languages.

In the 1st millennium BC, the Urartians, along with other peoples of the region, participated in the formation of the Armenian ethnic group. Armenians inherited the physical and cultural components of the ancient population of the highlands, primarily the Urartians, Hurrians, and Luwians, who constitute the main genetic and cultural basis of the modern Armenian people^[8][9].

The Urartian language belongs to the Hurro-Urartian languages family and is closely related to the Hurrian language^[10]. The Urartians used a simplified form of Assyrian cuneiform, adapting it to their needs. For example, many polysemous Assyrian ideograms were used by the Urartians with a single meaning, losing the original multiplicity of the Assyrian signs.

Around 500 cuneiform texts are known, containing about 350-400 root words^[11]. Most of these have Urartian origins, some are borrowed from other languages. More than 200 Urartian roots have been preserved in the Armenian language^[12]. Arno Furne and Allan Bomhard suggested that the Hurro-Urartian languages might be related to Indo-European languages, though this hypothesis is not widely accepted. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the relationship between Hurrian and Urartian languages and Indo-European languages is denied.

The religious beliefs of the Urartians shared many similarities with the religions of Mesopotamia. The Urartian pantheon included numerous deities, many of which were borrowed from the religious traditions of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria^[1].

Sacrifices, mainly of animals (bulls and sheep), were practiced, although there is evidence of human sacrifices^[13]. Rituals of worship, usually performed in special chambers carved into the rocks, resembled ziggurats. In one such chamber, a tablet was found listing 79 Urartian deities and the number of animals that were to be sacrificed to each of them^[14].