Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

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Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) is a sovereign entity maintaining diplomatic relations with 113 sovereign states (including the Holy See).^[1] Additionally, it has observer status or representation at multiple intergovernmental organisations.^[2] The Order has non-diplomatic official relations with five more states: France, Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Canada and the United Kingdom.^[1]^[3]^[4] The Order exchanges ambassadors with the European Union and the State of Palestine.^[1]^[2]

Some states recognize SMOM as a sovereign state, rather than a sovereign subject of international law. For example, the Republic of San Marino in 1935 recognized SMOM as a sovereign state in its own right.^[5]^[6]^[7] As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.^[8]

As of June 2010^[update], nine Schengen states did not recognize the diplomatic passports of the Order: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Greece, France, Finland, Sweden, Iceland, and Switzerland.^[9]

Bilateral relations

Diplomatic relations


#	Country	Date
—	Holy See	February 1930^[10]
1	Romania	December 1932^[11]
2	Spain	19 November 1938^[12]
3	Haiti	1947^[13]
4	Panama	2 August 1948^[14]
5	Argentina	7 June 1951^[15]
6	El Salvador	1951^[13]
7	Brazil	17 January 1952^[16]
8	Colombia	28 January 1953^[17]
9	Peru	15 April 1953^[18]
10	Ecuador	29 July 1953^[19]
11	Chile	24 February 1956^[20]
12	Italy	12 June 1956^[21]
13	Lebanon	1956^[13]
14	Costa Rica	8 August 1957^[22]
15	Nicaragua	12 September 1957^[23]
16	Austria	6 December 1957^[24]
17	Guatemala	11 December 1957^[25]
18	Dominican Republic	1957^[26]
19	Paraguay	10 January 1958^[27]
20	Cuba	29 July 1959^[28]
21	Honduras	1959^[26]
22	Liberia	1959^[26]
23	Cameroon	4 July 1961^[26]
24	Somalia	28 November 1961^[26]
25	Portugal	19 December 1962^[29]
26	Gabon	1963^[26]
27	Bolivia	15 October 1964^[30]
28	Philippines	24 April 1965^[31]
29	Senegal	1965^[26]
30	Uruguay	1965^[26]
31	Malta	27 June 1966^[32]
32	Venezuela	3 August 1970^[33]
33	Niger	9 January 1971^[34]
34	Ethiopia	February 1971^[35]
35	Benin	1972^[26]
36	Ivory Coast	1972^[26]
37	Togo	5 September 1973^[36]
38	Burkina Faso	1973^[26]
39	Mauritania	3 March 1977^[37]
40	Mauritius	18 July 1978^[38]
41	Egypt	1980^[26]
42	Central African Republic	1981^[26]
43	Comoros	1981^[26]
44	Thailand	4 September 1984^[39]
45	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1984^[26]
46	San Marino	4 March 1986^[40]
47	Guinea	24 June 1986^[41]
48	Mali	1986^[26]
49	Morocco	1986^[26]
50	Chad	1989^[26]
51	Czech Republic	8 June 1990^[42]
52	Hungary	15 June 1990^[43]
53	Poland	9 July 1990^[44]
54	Madagascar	1990^[26]
55	Lithuania	9 July 1992^[45]
56	Slovenia	15 July 1992^[46]
57	Russia	7 August 1992^[47]
58	Croatia	22 December 1992^[48]
59	Republic of the Congo	1992^[26]
60	Cambodia	1992^[26]
61	Sudan	1992^[26]
62	Slovakia	1 January 1993^[49]
63	Kazakhstan	4 February 1993^[50]
64	Seychelles	June 1994^[51]
65	Albania	14 July 1994^[52]
66	Bulgaria	11 November 1994^[53]
67	Liechtenstein	1994^[26]
68	Latvia	15 August 1995^[54]
69	Belarus	30 April 1996^[55]
70	North Macedonia	12 July 1996^[55]
71	Equatorial Guinea	16 July 1996^[55]
72	Cape Verde	1996^[26]
73	Bosnia and Herzegovina	31 January 1997^[56]
74	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	February 1997^[57]
75	Federated States of Micronesia	12 November 1997^[58]
76	Guinea-Bissau	1997^[26]
77	Mozambique	1997^[26]
78	São Tomé and Príncipe	1997^[26]
79	Armenia	29 May 1998^[59]
80	Georgia	24 July 1998^[60]
81	Suriname	30 April 1999^[61]
82	Guyana	19 May 1999^[62]
83	Eritrea	1999^[26]
84	Saint Lucia	1999^[26]
85	Belize	1999^[26]
86	Afghanistan	1999^[26]
87	Moldova	5 May 2001^[63]
88	Serbia	11 May 2001^[64]
89	Tajikistan	1 June 2001^[65]
90	Marshall Islands	3 May 2002^[66]
91	Kiribati	2002^[26]
92	Jordan	29 June 2003^[67]
93	Angola	13 December 2005^[68]
94	Montenegro	5 September 2006^[69]
95	East Timor	18 September 2006^[70]
96	Kenya	14 September 2007^[71]
97	Monaco	18 October 2007^[72]
98	Turkmenistan	30 October 2007^[71]
99	Ukraine	9 February 2008^[71]
100	Bahamas	11 November 2008^[71]
101	Sierra Leone	28 November 2008^[71]
102	Namibia	31 March 2009^[71]
103	Antigua and Barbuda	20 October 2009^[71]
104	Cyprus	6 June 2012^[73]
105	South Sudan	14 November 2014^[74]
106	Grenada	6 November 2015^[75]
107	Germany	15 November 2017^[76]
108	Nauru	5 October 2018^[77]
109	Estonia	11 March 2020^[78]
110	Greece	2 December 2021^[79]
111	Lesotho	7 December 2021^[80]
112	Gambia	20 September 2023^[81]
113	Burundi	25 October 2024^[82]

Other countries

#	Name	Diplomatic relations established	Notes
1	Ecuador	29 July 1953^[19]	On 10 February 2012, President Rafael Correa issued a decree to withdraw recognition and initiate the process of canceling relations,^[83] starting from May.^[1] Later on, the relations were restored by President Lenín Moreno on 24 September 2019.^[84]
–	European Union	1987	Ambassador level relations.^[2]
2	Italy	12 June 1956^[21]	The Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that, "the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations, so there is no doubt, as already this Supreme Court has warned, that it has the legal treatment of foreign states".^[85] As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, the exercise by SMOM of all the prerogatives of sovereignty in its headquarters, Italian sovereignty and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.^[8]
–	Palestinian Authority		Ambassador level relations.^[1]

Official relations

Name	Official relations established	Region	Notes
France	1982	Europe	France does not recognise the SMOM as a subject of international law.^[86]
United Kingdom	2024	Europe	The Sovereign Military Order of Malta established official relations with the United Kingdom on 9 October 2024.^[4]

Unofficial relations

The Order of Malta has unofficial relations with Taiwan through the Embassy of the Republic of China to the Holy See in Rome (Italy).^[87]

Countries without established relations

Countries with which the Order currently has no established relations:

Europe: Andorra, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands (recognises as a knightly order),^[88] Norway, Sweden, Switzerland
Africa: Algeria, Botswana, Burundi, Djibouti, Eswatini, Ghana, Libya, Malawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Asia: Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Indonesia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia (accepts its stamps),^[89] Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, People's Republic of China, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen
Oceania: Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
The Americas: Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, Mexico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America

Intergovernmental organizations

The Order of Malta has observer status at the following organizations:^[2]

Organization	observer since	Notes
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
International Atomic Energy Agency
United Nations General Assembly
International Fund for Agricultural Development
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
World Food Programme
World Health Organization

The Order of Malta has delegations or representations to the following organizations:^[2]

Organization	participates since	Notes
Council of Europe
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission
Inter-American Development Bank
International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
International Committee of Military Medicine
International Committee of the Red Cross
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
International Institute of Humanitarian Law
International Organization for Migration
Latin Union

References

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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Sovereign Military Order of Malta. "Multilateral relations". orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^ Canada, Global Affairs (2015-10-19). "Canada and the Order of Malta". GAC. Retrieved 2024-03-14.
^ ^a ^b "The Order of Malta and the United Kingdom establish official relations and strengthen bilateral cooperation with the signing of a Strategic Memorandum of Understaning". Order of Malta. Rome. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
^ Cansacchi, Giorgio (1940). Il diritto di legazione attivo e passivo dell'Ordine de Malta. p. 65.
^ Astraudo, A. (1935). "Saint-marin et l'Ordre de Malte". La Revue Diplomatique. 7.
^ Cox, Noel S.B., The Continuing Question of Sovereignty and the Sovereign Military Order of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (June 2008). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1140462 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1140462
^ ^a ^b Arocha, Magaly (May 1999). "La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica (The Order of Malta and Its Legal Nature)". Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela: Analítica.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
^ "Council of the European Union - Schengen Visa Working Party - Table of travel documents". p. 31. Archived from the original on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
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^ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. p. 296.
^ ^a ^b ^c de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. p. 296.
^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
^ "Biblioteca Digital de Tratados" (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2023.
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^ "Soberana Orden Militar y Hospitalaria de San Juan de Jerusalén, de Rodas y de Malta" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2023.
^ "Jefe del Estado recibe cartas credenciales de embajador de la orden de Malta" (in Spanish). 26 June 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b "Dictamen N. 017-13-DTI-CC" (PDF) (in Spanish). 3 July 2013. p. 2. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
^ Memoria (in Spanish). Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1956. p. 432.
^ ^a ^b "Giovedì - 12 Iuglio 1956: Il Presidente della Repubblica riceve in udienza" (in Italian). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ Francisco, Jorge; Carbonell, Sáenz (2013). Historia diplomática de Costa Rica (1948-1970) (in Spanish). UNA. p. 119.
^ Memoria (in Spanish). 1957. p. 51.
^ "Die beziehungen zu Österreich" (in German). Retrieved 26 October 2024.
^ "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. pp. 302–309.
^ Yegros, Ricardo Scavone (2011). Representantes Diplomáticos Paraguayos : nómina de los jefes de Misiones Diplomáticas de la República del Paraguay (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
^ "Memoria anual 2015" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2015. p. 19-25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019.
^ "Ordem de Malta" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ Bolivia, 4-5 (in Spanish). 1964.
^ "The Republic of the Philippines and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta celebrate 55 years of formal diplomatic relations today, April 24!". 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
^ The Malta Year Book. St. Michael's College Publications. 1984. p. 105.
^ Libro amarillo de la República de Venezuela presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias (in Spanish). 1970. pp. xxxiv.
^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire, 627–651 (in French). 1971. Prochaine ouverture de relations diplomatiques, au niveau des ambassades, entre le Niger et l'Ordre de Malte...
^ Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, 27 (in French). 1971. p. 766.
^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire, 743–762 (in French). Ediafric. 1973. Ouverture de relations diplomatiques, au niveau des ambassades, entre le Togo et l'Ordre souverain de Malte.
^ Revue française d'études politiques africaines, 33–137. Société africaine d'édition. 1977. p. 14.
^ Mauritius Directory of the Diplomatic Corps; High Commissions, Embassies, Consulates, International Organization[s]. 1988. p. 124.
^ "รัฐอธิปไตยทหาร ออร์เดอร์ ออฟ มอลตา" (in Thai). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
^ "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report Issues 75-81. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1986. p. 9. ... The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Guinea has the pleasure of informing the nation and the world that the Republic of Guinea and the Sovereign Order of Malta ... have decided to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level as of 24 June 1986.
^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
^ Daily Report: East Europe. Vol. 12. 1992. p. 397.
^ "Odpowiedź na zapytanie w sprawie stanu stosunków dyplomatycznych utrzymywanych przez Rzeczpospolitą Polską z Suwerennym Zakonem Rycerskim Szpitalników im. Jana Jerozolimskiego, zwanym Zakonem Maltańskim". Orka2.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
^ "Мальтийские Игры". Hist.ru. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
^ "MVPEI". Archived from the original on 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
^ "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
^ "Order of Malta presents credentials". 4 June 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
^ "Katalogu i Dokumentacionit i Vitit 1994" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 42. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Twenty Years of Diplomatic Relations: the Grand Master Receives the Vice President of Bulgaria". 11 November 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. p. 308.
^ "ODRŽAN XXIX. MEĐUNARODNI LJETNI KAMP ZA HENDIKEPIRANE MLADE OSOBE" (in Bosnian). 5 October 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Diplomatic Relations Register (4)". 24 January 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
^ "FSM Diplomatic Relations List". Fsmgov.org. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ "Sovereign Military Order of Malta". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
^ Primul Ambasador al Republicii Moldova pe lângă Ordinul Suveran Militar de Malta – decorat cu o înaltă distincție (foto) (in Romanian).
^ "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ "LISTING OF ALL COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS (As of 13 February 2019)". Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
^ "Full diplomatic relations established between the Order of Malta and Jordan". 2 July 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
^ "Relations diplomatiques entre l'Ordre de Malte et l'Angola" (in French). 15 December 2005. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Activity report 2010" (PDF). April 2010. p. 90. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
^ "Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007" (in French). p. 44. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
^ Sovereign Military Order of Malta (6 June 2012). "Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Cyprus and the Sovereign Order of Malta formally established". orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ Sovereign Military Order of Malta (17 November 2014). "The Order of Malta strengthens its action in South Sudan three years after the birth of the nation". orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
^ Sovereign Military Order of Malta (12 November 2015). "Establishment of diplomatic relations with Grenada". orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
^ Sovereign Military Order of Malta (15 November 2017). "Official Visit of the German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel, for the opening of diplomatic relations between Germany and the Order of Malta". orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
^ "Diplomatic relations between the Sovereign Order of Malta and the Republic of Nauru". orderofmalta.int. 11 October 2018.
^ Sovereign Military Order of Malta (11 March 2020). "Estonia and Sovereign Order of Malta establish diplomatic relations".
^ Sovereign Military Order of Malta (4 December 2021). "Sovereign Order of Malta announces opening of diplomatic relations with Hellenic Republic". orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
^ "Order of Malta's mission to the UN in New York announces opening of diplomatic ties with the Kingdom of Lesotho". 7 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
^ "The Order of Malta announces the opening of diplomatic relations with the Republic of The Gambia". Sovereign Order of Malta. 21 September 2023.
^ "Today, October 25, 2024, marks a historic moment with the signing of the Protocol on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Burundi and the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta". 25 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
^ "La Orden Soberana de Malta". Elcomercio.com. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
^ Sovereign Military Order of Malta (24 September 2019). "A renewed friendship between Ecuador and the Order of Malta". orderofmalta.int.
^ "Corte Suprema di Cassazione; Sezioni unite civili; sentenza 6 giugno 1974, n. 1653" (PDF). Il Foro Italiano. 98 (6): 1471/1472–1475/1476. June 1975. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ "The Sovereignty of the Order of Malta". Heraldica.org. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
^ "Donation to the Holy Family Hospital from the Republic of China (Taiwan)". orderofmalta.int. Retrieved 2022-02-09.
^ The 10 October 2017 decree of the Chancellor of the Dutch Orders lists the SMOM as one of three "Recognised (knightly) orders" (Erkende (ridderlijke) orden) and authorises it members to wear their decorations in the Netherlands.
^ Sovereign Military Order of Malta. "Associate Countries". orderofmalta.int. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2017-01-11.

v t e Foreign relations of Europe
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Other entities	European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Sovereign Military Order of Malta topics

Catholic order of chivalry and sovereign subject of international law, founded in 1099 in Jerusalem,

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Organisation

Auxiliaries

Malteser International
Order of Malta Ambulance Corps
Military Corps: Air Force (Historically: Navy)
- Ships of the line

Society and culture

History,
including
major
sites,
commanderies,
premises,
and battles

Rome

Palazzo Malta (capital) (1869)
Villa del Priorato di Malta (1869)

Auberges

Birgu	Allemagne^ Angleterre Aragon Auvergne et Provence Castille et Portugal France Italie^
Valletta	Allemagne^ Aragon Auvergne^ Bavière Castille France^ Italie Provence

Rhodes

Holy Land

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Military
history

Crusades	1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th
Battles	Siege of Jerusalem (1187) Battle of Arsuf (1191) Siege of Acre (1291) Conquest of Rhodes (1306–1310) Sieges of Rhodes 1444 1480 1522 Invasion of Gozo (1551) Siege of Tripoli (1551) Great Siege of Malta (1565) Battle of Lepanto (1571) Raid on Żejtun (1614) Battle of Damietta (1732) Loss of Malta (1798)

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