Genitourinary system

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Genitourinary system - Wikipedia

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Genitourinary system
Some components of the female and male genitourinary system
Details
Identifiers
Latin	apparatus urogenitalis, systema urogenitale
MeSH	D014566
Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the sex organs of the reproductive system and the organs of the urinary system.^[1] These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways. Because of this, the systems are sometimes imaged together.^[2] In placental mammals (including humans), the male urethra goes through and opens into the penis while the female urethra and vagina empty through the vulva.^[3]

The term "apparatus urogenitalis" was used in Nomina Anatomica (under splanchnologia) but is not used in the current Terminologia Anatomica.

Development

The urinary and reproductive organs are developed from the intermediate mesoderm. The permanent organs of the adult are preceded by a set of structures that are purely embryonic and that, with the exception of the ducts, disappear almost entirely before the end of fetal life. These embryonic structures are on either side: the pronephros, the mesonephros and the metanephros of the kidney, and the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts of the sex organ. The pronephros disappears very early; the structural elements of the mesonephros mostly degenerate, but the gonad is developed in their place, with which the Wolffian duct remains as the duct in males, and the Müllerian as that of the female. Some of the tubules of the mesonephros form part of the permanent kidney.

Structures

Urethra

Female Urethra

The urethra of an adult human female is 3-4 cm long.^[4]The female urethra is located between the bladder neck to the external urethral orifice and is behind the symphysis pubis.^[4]The urethral wall is composed of an inner epithelial lining, a sub-mucosa layer containing vascular supply, a thin fascial layer, and two layers of smooth muscle.^[4]

Male Urethra

The urethra of an adult human male is 18-20 cm long. ^[4]It has a diameter of 8-9 mm.^[4]The male urethra is divided into two sections.

Disorders

Disorders of the genitourinary system includes a range of disorders from those that are asymptomatic to those that manifest an array of signs and symptoms. Causes for these disorders include congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, trauma, or conditions that secondarily involve the urinary structure.

To gain access to the body, pathogens can penetrate mucous membranes lining the genitourinary tract.

Malformations

Urogenital malformations include:

As a medical specialty, genitourinary pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the urinary tract, male genital tract and testes. However, medical disorders of the kidneys are generally within the expertise of renal pathologists. Genitourinary pathologists generally work closely with urologic surgeons.

References

^ "genitourinary system" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "UC Davis Department of Radiology - Genitourinary Radiology". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992). Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. p. 583. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Abelson, Benjamin (22 October 2018). "Sex differences in lower urinary tract biology and physiology". Biology of Sex Differences. 9 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/s13293-018-0204-8. PMC 6196569. PMID 30343668.

External links

Human systems and organs

Musculoskeletal system

Skeletal system	Bone Carpus Collar bone (clavicle) Thigh bone (femur) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage
Joints	Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint
Muscular system	Muscle Tendon Diaphragm

Circulatory system

Cardiovascular system	peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart
Lymphatic system	primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system

Nervous system

Integumentary system

Haematopoietic and immune systems

Respiratory system

Upper
- Nose
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx
Lower
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Lung

Digestive system

Mouth
- Salivary gland
- Tongue
- Lip
- Tooth
upper GI
lower GI
- Small intestine
- Appendix
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anus
accessory

Urinary system

Reproductive system

Male
- Scrotum
- Penis
- Prostate
- Testicle
- Seminal vesicle
Female
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Ovary
- Placenta

Endocrine system

Routes of administration, dosage forms

Oral

Digestive tract (enteral)

Solids	Tablet Capsule Pastille Time release technology Osmotic delivery system
Liquids	Decoction Elixir Electuary Emulsion Effervescent powder or tablet Herbal tea Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Powder Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Tincture

Oral mucosa (buccal, sublabial, sublingual)

Solids	Orally disintegrating tablet Film Lollipop Sublingual drops Lozenges Effervescent tablet Chewing gum
Liquids	Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Spray

Respiratory tract (inhalation)

Solids	Dry-powder inhaler Smoking	0 0
Liquids	Anesthetic vaporizer Heated humidified high-flow therapy Medical inhalants Metered-dose inhaler (MDI) Nebulizer Vaporizer
Gas	Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Medical inhalants Relative analgesia machine

Ophthalmic,
otic, nasal

Intrauterine device (IUD)

Extra-amniotic infusion

Intravesical infusion

DMSO solution

Transfersome vesicles

(into tissue/blood)

Skin (transdermal)	Intradermal Subcutaneous Injector pen Transdermal implant
Organs	Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular
Central nervous system	Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural
Circulatory, musculoskeletal	Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection Patient-controlled analgesia pump PIC line

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Genitourinary system

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