Germanium dichloride

Technopedia Center

Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science
S1 Informatics S1 Information Systems S1 Information Technology S1 Computer Engineering S1 Electrical Engineering S1 Civil Engineering

faculty of Economics and Business
S1 Management S1 Accountancy

Faculty of Letters and Educational Sciences
S1 English literature S1 English language education S1 Mathematics education S1 Sports Education

Germanium dichloride - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Germanium dichloride
Names


Preferred IUPAC name Germanium dichloride
Systematic IUPAC name Dichlorogermanylidene
Other names Dichlorogermylene Germanium(II) chloride Germanous chloride
Identifiers
CAS Number	10060-11-4
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	4885679
ECHA InfoCard	100.030.162
EC Number	233-192-1
PubChem CID	6327122
UNII	SI7JKX4F22^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID40143425
InChI InChI=1S/Cl2Ge/c1-3-2 Key: QHGIKMVOLGCZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES Cl[Ge]Cl
Properties
Chemical formula	GeCl₂
Molar mass	143.546 g/mol
Appearance	white-pale yellow solid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Germanium dichloride is a chemical compound of germanium and chlorine with the formula GeCl₂. It is a yellow solid. Germanium dichloride is an example of a compound featuring germanium in the +2 oxidation state.

Preparation

Solid germanium dichloride can be produced by comproportionation by passing germanium tetrachloride, GeCl₄, over germanium metal at 300 °C and reduced pressure (0.1 mmHg).^[1]

GeCl₄ + Ge → 2 GeCl₂

Germanium dichloride is also formed from the decomposition of trichlorogermane, GeHCl₃, at 70 °C. Trichlorogermane is generated when germanium reacts with hydrogen chloride.^[1] This reaction involves dehydrohalogenation.

GeHCl₃ → GeCl₂ + HCl

Another route to germanium dichloride is the reduction of germanium tetrachloride with hydrogen at 800 °C.^[1]

GeCl₄ + H₂ → GeCl₂ + 2HCl

Reactions

GeCl₂ is hydrolysed to give yellow germanium(II) hydroxide, which on warming gives brown germanium monoxide:^[1]

GeCl₂ + 2 H₂O ⇌ Ge(OH)₂(s) + 2 HCl

Ge(OH)₂ → GeO + H₂O

Alkalizing a solution containing germanium(II) ions:

Ge²⁺ + 2 OH⁻ → Ge(OH)₂

Germanium oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric. Solutions of GeCl₂ in HCl are strongly reducing.^[2] With chloride ion, ionic compounds containing the pyramidal GeCl−3 ion have been characterised, for example ^[3] With rubidium and caesium chloride compounds, e.g. RbGeCl₃ are produced; these have distorted perovskite structures.^[1]

Germanium dichloride reacts with tetraethylammonium chloride to give the trichlorogermanate:^[4]

GeCl₂ + Et₄NCl → Et₄NGeCl₃

Dichlorogermylene

Molecular GeCl₂ is often called dichlorogermylene, highlighting its resemblance to a carbene. The structure of gas-phase molecular GeCl₂ shows that it is a bent molecule, as predicted by VSEPR theory.^[5] The dioxane complex, GeCl₂·dioxane, has been used as a source of molecular GeCl₂ for reaction syntheses, as has the in situ reaction of GeCl₄ and Ge metal. GeCl₂ is quite reactive and inserts into many types of chemical bonds.^[6] Usually, germanium dichloride is generated from germanium dichloride dioxane.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5
^ Kociok-Köhn, G.; Winter, J. G.; Filippou, A. C. (1999). "Trimethylphosphonium trichlorogermanate(II)". Acta Crystallogr. C. 55 (3): 351–353. doi:10.1107/S010827019801169X.
^ Parshall, G. W. (1974). "Tetraethylammonium Trichlorogermanate(l-) and Trichlorostannate(l-)". Inorganic Syntheses. 15: 222–225. doi:10.1002/9780470132463.ch48. ISBN 9780470132463.
^ Tsuchiya, Masaki J.; Honjou, Hiroaki; Tanaka, Keiichi; Tanaka, Takehiko (1995). "Millimeter-wave spectrum of germanium dichloride GeCl₂. Equilibrium structure and anharmonic force field". Journal of Molecular Structure. 352–353: 407–415. Bibcode:1995JMoSt.352..407T. doi:10.1016/0022-2860(95)08830-O.
^ Egorov, M.P.; Gaspar, P. (1994). "Germanium: Organometallic chemistry". Encyclopedia of Inorganic chemistry. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-93620-0.

v t e Germanium compounds
Ge(II)	GeCl₂ GeF₂ GeBr₂ GeI₂ GeO Ge(OH)₂ GeS GeSe GeTe RbGeI₃
Ge(IV)	GeBr₄ GeCl₄ GeF₄ GeI₄ GeH₄ GeO₂ GeS₂ GeSe₂ Ge₃N₄

Categories:

Hidden categories: