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Tin(IV) chloride - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tin(IV) chloride

Anhydrous Tin(IV) chloride

Tin(IV) chloride pentahydrate

Names

IUPAC names

Tetrachlorostannane
Tin tetrachloride
Tin(IV) chloride

Other names

Stannic chloride

Identifiers

CAS Number

7646-78-8^Y
10026-06-9 (pentahydrate)^N

3D model (JSmol)

anhydrous: Interactive image
pentahydrate: Interactive image

ChemSpider

22707^Y

ECHA InfoCard

100.028.717

EC Number

231-588-9

PubChem CID

24287

RTECS number

XP8750000

UNII

67H76LFL3V^Y

UN number

1827

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

DTXSID1029679

InChI

InChI=1S/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4^Y
Key: HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J^Y
InChI=1/4ClH.Sn/h4*1H;/q;;;;+4/p-4
Key: HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-XBHQNQODAC

SMILES

anhydrous: Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl
pentahydrate: Cl[Sn-2](Cl)(Cl)([OH2+])([OH2+])Cl.O.O.O

Properties

Chemical formula

SnCl₄

Molar mass

260.50 g/mol (anhydrous)
350.60 g/mol (pentahydrate)

Appearance

Colorless fuming liquid

Odor

Acrid

Density

2.226 g/cm³ (anhydrous)
2.04 g/cm³ (pentahydrate)

Melting point

−34.07 °C (−29.33 °F; 239.08 K) (anhydrous)
56 °C (133 °F; 329 K) (pentahydrate)

Boiling point

114.15 °C (237.47 °F; 387.30 K)

Solubility in water

hydrolysis,very hygroscopic (anhydrous)
very soluble (pentahydrate)

Solubility

soluble in alcohol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, acetone, kerosene, CCl₄, methanol, gasoline, CS₂

Vapor pressure

2.4 kPa

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

−115·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol

Refractive index (n_D)

1.512

Structure

Crystal structure

monoclinic (P21/c)

Hazards

GHS labelling:

Pictograms

Signal word

Danger

Hazard statements

H314, H412

Precautionary statements

P260, P264, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P363, P405, P501

NFPA 704 (fire diamond)

Safety data sheet (SDS)

ICSC 0953

Related compounds

Other anions

Tin(IV) fluoride
Tin(IV) bromide
Tin(IV) iodide

Other cations

Carbon tetrachloride
Silicon tetrachloride
Germanium tetrachloride
Lead(IV) chloride

Related compounds

Tin(II) chloride

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

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Infobox references

Tin(IV) chloride, also known as tin tetrachloride or stannic chloride, is an inorganic compound of tin and chlorine with the formula SnCl₄. It is a colorless hygroscopic liquid, which fumes on contact with air. It is used as a precursor to other tin compounds.^[1] It was first discovered by Andreas Libavius (1550–1616) and was known as spiritus fumans libavii.

Preparation

It is prepared from reaction of chlorine gas with tin at 115 °C (239 °F):

Sn + 2Cl
₂ → SnCl
₄

Structure

Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride solidifies at −33 °C to give monoclinic crystals with the P21/c space group. It is isostructural with SnBr₄. The molecules adopt near-perfect tetrahedral symmetry with average Sn–Cl distances of 227.9(3) pm.^[2]

Reactions

Tin(IV) chloride is well known as a Lewis acid. Thus it forms hydrates. The pentahydrate SnCl₄·5H₂O was formerly known as butter of tin. They all consist of [SnCl₄(H₂O)₂] molecules together with varying amounts of water of crystallization. The additional water molecules link together the molecules of [SnCl₄(H₂O)₂] through hydrogen bonds.^[3] Although the pentahydrate is the most common hydrate, lower hydrates have also been characterised.^[4]

Aside from water, other Lewis bases form adducts with SnCl₄. These include ammonia and organophosphines. The complex [SnCl₆]²⁻ is formed with hydrochloric acid making hexachlorostannic acid.^[1]

Applications

Precursor to organotin compounds

Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a major precursor in organotin chemistry. Upon treatment with Grignard reagents, tin(IV) chloride gives tetraalkyltin compounds:^[5]

SnCl₄ + 4 RMgCl → SnR₄ + 4 MgCl₂

Anhydrous tin(IV) chloride reacts with tetraorganotin compounds in redistribution reactions:

SnCl₄ + SnR₄ → 2 SnCl₂R₂

These organotin halides are useful precursors to catalysts (e.g., dibutyltin dilaurate) and polymer stabilizers.^[6]

Organic synthesis

SnCl₄ is used in Friedel–Crafts reactions as a Lewis acid catalyst.^[1] For example, the acetylation of thiophene to give 2-acetylthiophene is promoted by tin(IV) chloride.^[7] Similarly, tin(IV) chloride is useful for the nitrations.^[8]

Safety

Stannic chloride was used as a chemical weapon in World War I, as it formed an irritating (but non-deadly) dense smoke on contact with air. It was supplanted by a mixture of silicon tetrachloride and titanium tetrachloride near the end of the war due to shortages of tin.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Reuter, Hans; Pawlak, Rüdiger (April 2000). "Die Molekül- und Kristallstruktur von Zinn(IV)-chlorid". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie (in German). 626 (4): 925–929. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(200004)626:4<925::AID-ZAAC925>3.0.CO;2-R.
^ Barnes, John C.; Sampson, Hazel A.; Weakley, Timothy J. R. (1980). "Structures of di-μ-hydroxobis[aquatrichlorotin(IV)]-1,4-dioxane(1/3), di-μ-hydroxobis[aquatrichlorotin(IV)]-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane(1/4), di-m-hydroxobis[aquatribromotin(IV)]-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane(1/4), di-μ-hydroxobis[aquatrichlorotin(IV)], and cis-diaquatetrachlorotin(IV)". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (6): 949. doi:10.1039/DT9800000949.
^ Genge, Anthony R. J.; Levason, William; Patel, Rina; et al. (2004). "Hydrates of tin tetrachloride". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 60 (4): i47–i49. doi:10.1107/S0108270104005633. PMID 15071197.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
^ G. G. Graf "Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_049
^ John R. Johnson, G. E. May (1938). "2-Acetothienone". Organic Syntheses. 18: 1. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.018.0001.
^ Thurston, David E.; Murty, Varanasi S.; Langley, David R.; Jones, Gary B. (1990). "O-Debenzylation of a Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine in the Presence of a Carbinolamine Functionality: Synthesis of DC-81". Synthesis. 1990: 81–84. doi:10.1055/s-1990-26795. S2CID 98109571.
^ Fries, Amos A. (2008). Chemical Warfare. Read. pp. 148–49, 407. ISBN 978-1-4437-3840-8..

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tin(IV) chloride.

International Chemical Safety Card 0953
tinchemical.com/products (industrial uses) at the Wayback Machine (archived 2005-02-28)

v t e Tin compounds
Sn(II)	SnBr₂ SnCl₂ Sn(C₅H₅)₂ SnF₂ SnI₂ SnC₂O₄ SnO Sn(OH)₂ C ₁₈H ₃₆SnO ₂ SnSO₄ Sn(CH₃COO)₂ SnSe SnTe SnS SnP₃
Sn(IV)	SnBr₄ SnCl₄ SnF₄ SnH₄ SnI₄ SnO₂ SnS₂ Sn(CH₃COO)₄ Sn(NO₃)₄ Sn(IO₃)₄

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