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  1. World Encyclopedia
  2. Guthrum II - Wikipedia
Guthrum II - Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Guthrum.
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King of the East Angles
Guthrum II
King of the East Angles
Reign10th-century
PredecessorÆthelwold
ReligionChristian

Guthrum II was, according to some reconstructions, a King of East Anglia in the early 10th century.

Background

[edit]
East Anglian penny commemorating King Edmund, probably before 905

The only Viking ruler of the kingdom of East Anglia whose existence is beyond doubt is the earlier Guthrum. He took the baptismal name Æthelstan, and died in 890 after ruling East Anglia for around ten years.

Until the death of Guthrum, the coins of East Anglia provide an essential guide to the rulers of the kingdom. After the killing of King Æthelberht II of East Anglia in 794, only two kings—Edmund, better known as Saint Edmund the Martyr, and Guthrum—are named in near-contemporary written records, while all others are known only from the numismatic evidence provided by surviving coins.[1] This evidence comes to an end at Guthrum's death as late East Anglian coins cease to name the king on whose orders they were minted and instead bear the name of King Edmund.[2] From this time forward, kings are only known from the very limited written record.

It is believed that Eohric was king of East Anglia. The beginning of his reign cannot be dated. He was killed in 902 at the battle of the Holme alongside Æthelwold of Wessex, fighting against the armies of Æthelwold's cousin King Edward the Elder. The East Anglians are recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as signing a peace with Edward in 906 and submitting to Edward late in 917, but on neither occasion are their leaders named by the Chronicle.[3]

The Laws of Edward and Guthrum

[edit]

In his translation of the German historian Johann Martin Lappenberg's History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, Benjamin Thorpe refers to King Guthrum II as having led the East Anglians in 906 when peace was made with Edward the Elder.[4] Thorpe bases this upon one of his own earlier works, Ancient Laws and Institutes of England (1840). Here he printed the Laws of Edward and Guthrum, which he presumed to be a record of the agreement in 906. He referred to the medieval historian John of Wallingford as supporting this identification, stating that Wallingford referred to a second Guthrum being active in Edward's reign.[5] Joseph Stevenson translated Wallingford some years after Thorpe wrote, and his edition disagrees with Thorpe's reading. According to Stevenson's translation, Wallingford wrote that the King Guthrum who had made peace with Alfred and whose death in 890 is not disputed, had left England for Denmark and returned again during the reign of Edward at the request of his son Æthelstan. "Here again Wallingford has fallen into error" and "These statements are to be received with caution" are Stevenson's comments.[6]

In time the idea that the Laws of Edward and Guthrum should be dated to the reign of Edward the Elder came under scrutiny. Frederick Attenborough's Laws of the Earliest English Kings (1921) discussed them and referred to the work of German historian Felix Liebermann. Liebermann considered the preamble to the laws to be inauthentic and dated them to the reign of King Æthelstan.[7] Modern studies date them to later yet. The late Patrick Wormald wrote: "From 1568 to 1941, no one seems to have doubted that [the Laws of Edward and Guthrum] was just what it claimed to be." But, Wormald notes, since 1941, when Dorothy Whitelock published a study of the text, this is no longer the case. Rather than being seen as a contemporary record of the peace of 906, or a document from the time of Æthelstan, the Laws are now dated to around 1000. It is believed that they were written by Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York (died 1023).[8]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Keynes, Rulers.
  2. ^ Ridyard, Royal Saints, 214ff; Lyon, "Coinage of Edward the Elder".
  3. ^ Keynes; ASC; ...
  4. ^ Lappenberg 1845, p. 87.
  5. ^ Thorpe, Ancient Laws, I:71, note a.
  6. ^ Stevenson, pp. 543 & 545.
    A man named Guthrum, styled a dux—usually translated as ealdorman in this period—was active in the reign of Æthelstan and witnessed eleven charters in the period between 928 and 935; PASE Guthrum 2.
  7. ^ Attenborough, p. 97.
  8. ^ Wormald, Making of English Law, I:389-390; Whitelock et al., EHD, I:364; ...

Sources

[edit]
  • Davis, R.H.C. (1991). From Alfred the Great to Stephen. London: The Hambledon Press. ISBN 978-18528-5-045-6.
  • Lappenberg, Johann Martin (1845). A History of England Under the Saxon Kings. Vol. 2. Translated by Thorpe, Benjamin. London: J. Murray. OCLC 1046585695.

Further reading

[edit]
  • v
  • t
  • e
Monarchs of East Anglia
  • Wehha
  • Wuffa
  • Tytila
  • Rædwald
  • Eorpwald
  • Ricberht
  • Sigeberht [c]
  • Ecgric [c]
  • Anna
  • Æthelhere
  • Æthelwold
  • Ealdwulf
  • Ælfwald
  • Beonna [c]
  • Alberht [c]
  • Æthelred I [s]
  • Æthelberht II
  • Offa [km]
  • Eadwald
  • Cœnwulf [km]
  • Ceolwulf [km]
  • Beornwulf [m]
  • Æthelstan
  • Æthelweard
  • Edmund the Martyr
  • Oswald [s]
  • Æthelred II [s]
  • Guthrum I [d]
  • Eohric [d]
  • Æthelwold [s]
  • Guthrum II [d]
  • [c] co-kings
  • [km] also king of Kent and king of Mercia
  • [m] also king of Mercia
  • [s] sub-kings
  • [d] Danes
‹ The template below (Rulers of medieval England) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
  • v
  • t
  • e
Rulers of medieval England
Territories/dates[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Northumbria Mercia Wessex Sussex Kent Essex East Anglia
450–600 Sub-Roman Britain
Kingdom of Bernicia
Esa · Eoppa · Ida · Glappa · Adda · Æthelric · Theodric · Frithuwald · Hussa
Kingdom of Deira
Ælla
Æthelric
Kingdom of Mercia
Icel
Cnebba
Cynewald

Creoda
Pybba
Cearl
Penda
Eowa
Peada
Kingdom of the Gewisse
Cerdic
Cynric
Ceawlin
Ceol
Ceolwulf
Cynegils
Cwichelm
Cenwalh
Kingdom of the South Saxons
Ælle
Cissa
Æthelwealh
Kingdom of the Kentish
Hengest
Horsa
Oisc

Octa
Eormenric
Æðelberht I
Eadbald Eorcenberht
Eormenred
Ecgberht I
Hlothhere
Kingdom of the East Saxons
Æscwine
Sledd
Sæberht
Sexred
Sæward
Sigeberht the Little
Sigeberht the Good
Swithhelm
Sighere
Sæbbi
Sigeheard
Swæfred
Offa
Saelred
Swæfberht
Swithred
Sigeric
Sigered
Kingdom of the East Angles
Wehha
Wuffa
Tytila
Rædwald
Eorpwald
Ricberht
Sigeberht
Ecgric
Anna
Æthelhere
Æthelwold
Ealdwulf
Ælfwald
Beonna
Alberht
Æthelred I
Æthelberht II
600–616 Æthelfrith
616–632 Edwin
632–634 Eanfrith Osric
633–644 Oswald Oswiu
645–648 Oswiu Oswine Penda
648–651 Cenwalh
Seaxburh
Cenfus
Æscwine
Centwine
Kingdom of the West Saxons
Cædwalla
Ine
Æthelheard
Cuthred
Sigeberht
Cynewulf
Beorhtric
Ecgberht
651–654 Œthelwald
655–658 Kingdom of Northumbria
Oswiu · Ecgfrith · Aldfrith · Eadwulf I · Osred I · Coenred · Osric · Ceolwulf · Eadberht · Oswulf · Æthelwald Moll · Alhred · Æthelred I · Ælfwald I · Osred II · Æthelred I · Osbald · Eardwulf · Ælfwald II · Eardwulf · Eanred · Æthelred II · Rædwulf · Æthelred II · Osberht · Ælla · Osberht
Oswiu
658–685 Wulfhere
Æthelred I
Cœnred
Ceolred
Ceolwald
Æthelbald
Beornred
Offa
Ecgfrith
Coenwulf
Kenelm
Ceolwulf I
Beornwulf
Ludeca
Wiglaf
685–686 Eadric
686–771 Ecgwald · Berthun · Andhun · Nothhelm · Watt · Bryni · Osric · Æthelstan · Æthelbert Mul · Swæfheard · Swæfberht · Oswine · Wihtred · Alric · Eadbert I · Æðelbert II Eardwulf · Eadberht II · Sigered · Eanmund · Heabert · Ecgbert II · Ealhmund
771–785 Offa
785–794 Offa
794–796 Offa
796–800 Eadberht III Præn
Cuthred
Eadwald
800–807 Coenwulf
Ceolwulf I
Beornwulf
807–823 Coenwulf · Ceolwulf I · Beornwulf
823–825 Ecgberht
825–826 Ecgberht
826–829 Æthelstan
Æthelweard
Edmund
Oswald
Æthelred II
Guthrum
Eohric
Æthelwold
Guthrum II
829–830 Ecgberht Sigeric II
830–837 Wiglaf
Wigmund
Wigstan
Ælfflæd
Beorhtwulf
Burgred
Ceolwulf II
Æthelred
Æthelflæd
Ælfwynn
837–839 Ecgberht
Æthelwulf
Æthelbald
Æthelberht
Æthelred I
Alfred the Great
867–872 Northern Northumbria
Ecgberht I
Southern Northumbria
Military conquest by the Great Heathen Army
872–875 Ricsige
875–886 Ecgberht
Eadwulf II
Halfdan Ragnarsson · Guthred · Siefredus · Cnut · Æthelwold · Eowils and Halfdan
886–910 Kingdom of England
Alfred the Great
Edward the Elder
910–918 Eadwulf II · Ealdred I
918–927 Ealdred I
Adulf mcEtulfe
Ragnall ua Ímair · Sitric Cáech · Gofraid ua Ímair Edward the Elder
Æthelstan
927–934 Æthelstan
934–939 Æthelstan
939–944 Olaf Guthfrithson · Amlaíb Cuarán · Sitric II · Ragnall Guthfrithson Edmund I
Eadred
944–946 Edmund I
947–954 Osulf I Eric Bloodaxe · Amlaíb Cuarán · Eric Bloodaxe
955–1066

Eadwig · Edgar · Edward the Martyr · Æthelred the Unready · Sweyn Forkbeard · Æthelred the Unready · Edmund Ironside · Cnut · Harold Harefoot · Harthacnut · Edward the Confessor · Harold Godwinson

1066 Norman Conquest
Rulers of medieval Wales
  1. ^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional
  2. ^ Mackenzie, E; Ross, M (1834). An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County Palatine of Durham. Vol. I. Newcastle upon Tyne: Mackenzie and Dent. p. xi. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  3. ^ Downham, Clare (2007), Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014, Edinburgh: Dunedin, ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0, OCLC 163618313
  4. ^ Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5, OCLC 123113911
  5. ^ Zaluckyj, Sarah & Feryok, Marge. Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England (2001) ISBN 1-873827-62-8
  6. ^ Barbara Yorke (1995), Wessex in the early Middle Ages, A & C Black, ISBN 071851856X; pp 79-83; table p. 81
  7. ^ Kelly, S. E. (2004). "Kings of the South Saxons (act. 477–772)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52344. Retrieved 3 February 2017. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  8. ^ Keynes, Simon (2014). "Appendix I: Rulers of the English, c.450–1066". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.). The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.
  9. ^ Kirby, D. P. The Earliest English Kings. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-4211-0.
  10. ^ Lapidge, M.; et al., eds. (1999). "Kings of the East Angles". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. London: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-6312-2492-1.
  11. ^ Searle, W. G. 1899. Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles.
  12. ^ Yorke, B. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England.
  13. ^ Carpenter, Clive. Kings, Rulers and Statesmen. Guinness Superlatives, Ltd.
  14. ^ Ross, Martha. Rulers and Governments of the World, Vol. 1. Earliest Times to 1491.
  15. ^ Ashley, Michael (1998). British Monarchs: the Complete Genealogy, Gazetteer, and Biographical Encyclopedia of the Kings & Queens of Britain. London: Robinson. ISBN 978-1-8548-7504-4.
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