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Licates - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Licates (Gaulish: *Licatis 'those of the Licca' or 'those of the rock') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper valley of the Lech river during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

Name

They are mentioned as Likátioi (Λικάτιοι; var. -ττ-) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),^[1] as Licates by Pliny (1st c. AD),^[2] and as Likátoi (Λικάτοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).^[3]^[4]

The ethnic name Licates has been traditionally compared to the river name Licca (modern Lech), and translated as 'those of the Licca'. According to Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, however, "the word formations of the ethnonym and hydronym suggest that they originated independently of each other, even though they both contain the same Celtic lexeme lic(c)a ('rock'). One would therefore assume that Licates simply denoted the 'rock dwellers' and thus inevitably represented a relatively old ethnic designation."^[5]

Geography

The Licates lived in the upper valley of the Lech river (Licca).^[6] Their territory was located east of the Estiones, north of the Genauni, west of the Cosuanetes.^[7] They were part of the Vindelici.^[8]

Their chief town, known as Damasia, has been identified with a fortified settlement in Auerberg, near modern Bernbeuren.^[9] Its name stems from a Gaulish word for 'cow' or 'stag', damos.^[10]

History

They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium.^[2]

Licates were still serving as auxiliary soldiers in the Roman army ca. 160 AD.^[6]

References

^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:6:8.
^ ^a ^b Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 3:20.
^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:12:4.
^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Licates.
^ de Bernardo Stempel 2015, pp. 89–90.
^ ^a ^b Dietz 2006a.
^ Talbert 2000, Map 19: Raetia.
^ Schumacher, Dietz & Zanier 2007.
^ Dietz 2006b.
^ Delamarre 2003, p. 135.

Primary sources

Pliny (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674993648.
Strabo (1923). Geography. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Jones, Horace L. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674990562.

Bibliography

de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (2015). "Zu den keltisch benannten Stämmen im Umfeld des oberen Donauraums". In Lohner-Urban, Ute; Scherrer, Peter (eds.). Der obere Donauraum 50 v. bis 50 n. Chr. Frank & Timme. ISBN 978-3-7329-0143-2.
Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
Dietz, Karlheinz (2006a). "Licates". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e704080.
Dietz, Karlheinz (2006b). "Damasia". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e310110.
Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
Schumacher, Stefan; Dietz, Karlheinz; Zanier, Werner (2007). "Vindeliker". In Beck, Heinrich (ed.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Vol. 35 (2 ed.). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110187847.
Talbert, Richard J. A. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691031699.

Gauls

History

Battle of the Allia (ca. 387 BC)
Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe
Galatian War (189 BC)
First Transalpine War (125–121 BC)
Gallic Wars (58–50 BC)
Roman Gaul (50 BC–476 AD)

Culture

Peoples

Belgica	Ambiani Aresaces Atrebates Atuatuci Bellovaci Caeracates Caeroesi Caletes Catuslugi Catalauni Condrusi Eburones Leuci Mediomatrici Meldi Menapii Morini Nemetes Nervii Paemani Remi Silvanectes Suessiones Treveri Triboci Veliocasses Viromandui
Celtica	Abrincatui Ambiliati Aedui Ambarri Andecavi Arouii Arverni Aulerci (Brannovices, Cenomani, Diablintes, Eburovices) Bodiocasses Bituriges Cubi Bituriges Vivisci Cadurci Carnutes Coriosolites Durocasses Esuvii Gabali Helvetii Latobrigi Lemovices Lexovii Lingones Mandubii Namnetes Nitiobroges Osismii Parisii Petrocorii Pictones Rauraci Redones Ruteni Sagii Santoni Senones Segusiavi Sequani Tigurini Tricasses Tulingi Turoni Vellavii Venelli Veneti Viducasses
Narbonensis	Agesinates Albici Allobroges Anatilii Atacini Avatici Bormani Budenicenses Camactulici Cavari Cenomani Comani Dexivates Helvii Libicii Ligauni Longostaletes Memini Nearchi Oxybii Reii Salyes Segobrigii Segovellauni Suelteri Tolosates Tricastini Tricores Tricorii Tritolli Vertamocorii Verucini Vocontii Volcae (Arecomici and Tectosages) Vulgientes
Alpina	Acitavones Adanates Adunicates Alauni Ambidravi Ambilici Ambisontes Aneuniates Ausuciates Avantici Belaci Belouni Benacenses Bergalei Bodiontici Brigantii Brigianii Brixentes Calucones Carni Catenates Catubrini Caturiges Ceutrones Cosuanetes Ecdinii Eguiturii Gallitae Genauni Graioceli Iemerii Ingauni Licates Medulli Nantuates Nemaloni Nemeturii Quariates Rucinates Salassi Savincates Sebaginni Seduni Segovii Segusini Sentii Sogionti Suanetes Suetrii Tebavii Triulatti Ucennii Vediantii Velaunii Venisami Venostes Vennones Veragri Vergunni Vesubiani Vindelici
Cisalpina	Anamares Anauni Anesiates Arusnates Bagienni Boii Bromanenses Cenomani Gallianates Gennanates Insubres Libicii Marici Montunates Orobii Subinates Taurini Vertamocorii Votodrones
Aquitania	Boii Cocosates Lactorates Sotiates Tarusates Vasates
Eastern Europe	Anartes Arabiates Boii Britolagai Cornacates Costoboci Gotini Eravisci Hercuniates Latobici Scordisci (Dindari and Celegeri) Serdi Taurisci Varciani
Galatia	Aigosages Tectosages Tolistobogii Trocmi

Pre-Roman
settlements

Part of: Celts

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