The Turoni or Turones were a Gallic tribe of dwelling in the later Touraine region during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
They were among the first tribes to give support to the Gallic coalition against Rome led by Vercingetorix in 52 BC, then to the revolt of Sacrovir in 21 AD.[1]
Name
They are mentioned as Turonos and Turonis by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC),[2] Turones by Pliny (1st c. AD),[3] Turoni by Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD),[4] and as Touroúpioi (Τουρούπιοι, var. τουρογιεῖς) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).[5][6]
The etymology of Turoni is uncertain. Pierre-Yves Lambert has proposed to see an altered form of Proto-Indo-European *tauro- ('bull'),[7] but Alexander Falileyev finds it unlikely.[6]
A folk etymology that the Turoni were named after Turnus from the Aeneid appears in the Historia Brittonum: "[Brutus of Britain] was exiled on account of the death of Turnus, slain by Aeneas. He then went among the Gauls and built a city of the Turones, called Turnis [Tours]". Geoffrey of Monmouth later expanded this story in the Historia Regum Britanniae, where Tours was named after Brutus' nephew, also called Turnus, who had died fighting against Goffar the Pictone, king of Aquitaine.[8]
The city of Tours, attested in the 6th c. AD as apud Toronos (in civitate Turonus in 976, Turonis in 1205, Tors in 1266), and the Touraine region, attested in 774 as Turonice civitatis (in pago Turonico in 983, vicecomes Turanie in 1195–96, Touraine in 1220), are named after the Gallic tribe.[9]
Geography
The Turoni on the middle reaches of the Loire river.[1] Their territory was located south of the Cenomani, east of the Andecavi and the Pictones.[1]
The oppidum des Châtelliers at Ambacia (modern Amboise) was a major settlement that replaced the earlier principal oppidum at the end of the La Tène period.[10] Archaeological and numismatic evidence suggests that Ambacia was the chief town of the Turones in the late Iron Age, possibly serving as their civitas capital until the Augustan period, before the foundation of Caesarodunum.[11]
During the Roman era, their chief town became Caesarodunum (modern Tours). The settlement is first mentioned in the early 2nd century AD by Ptolemy. During the early Roman period, it held the status of a free city, and in Late Antiquity it became the capital of the province of Lugdunensis Tertia.[12]
References
- ^ a b c Demarolle 2006.
- ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 2:35:3, 8:46:4.
- ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 4:107.
- ^ Tacitus. Annales, 3:41.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:8:11.
- ^ a b Falileyev 2010, s.v. Turones.
- ^ Lambert 2005, p. 236.
- ^ Matter, Hans (1922). Englische Gründungssagen von Geoffrey of Monmouth bis zur Renaissance (in German). Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. p. 80.
- ^ Nègre 1990, p. 158.
- ^ Ferdière 2007, p. 350.
- ^ Laruaz 2009, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Linger-Riquier 2022.
Bibliography
- Demarolle, Jeanne-Marie (2006). "Turoni". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1223080.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Ferdière, Alain (2007). "Entre ville et campagne : le réseau des agglomérations secondaires de la cité des Turons". Supplément à la Revue archéologique du centre de la France. 30 (1): 349–350.
- Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2005). "The place names of Lugdunensis [Λουγδουνησία]". In de Hoz, Javier; Luján, Eugenio R.; Sims-Williams, Patrick (eds.). New approaches to Celtic place-names in Ptolemy's Geography. Ediciones Clásicas. pp. 215–251. ISBN 978-8478825721.
- Laruaz, Jean-Marie (2009). "Les formes de l'habitat en territoire turon à la fin de l'âge du Fer". In Buchsenschutz, Olivier; Chardenoux, Marie-Bernadette; Krausz, Sophie; Vaginay, Michel (eds.). L’âge du Fer dans la boucle de la Loire. Les Gaulois sont dans la ville. Supplément à la Revue archéologique du Centre de la France. Vol. 35. Bourges: FERACF. pp. 82–102. ISBN 978-2-913272-20-0.
- Linger-Riquier, Sandrine (2022). "Aux origines gauloises de Tours (Indre-et-Loire) : état des connaissances". Gallia. Archéologie des Gaules. 79 (2): 47–84. doi:10.4000/gallia.6762. ISSN 0016-4119.
- Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France (in French). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.
