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There was a large and thriving community of Jews, both religious and secular, in Czechoslovakia before World War II. Many perished during the Holocaust. Today, nearly all of the survivors have inter-married and assimilated into Czech and Slovak society.

• Itzhak Bentov, inventor^[1]
• Daniel Mandl (1891–1944), civil engineer, inventor, victim of the Holocaust

• Guido Adler (1855–1941), musicologist, composer, writer, born in Ivančice (Eibenschütz), Moravia
• Yehuda Bauer, Czech-born Israeli historian of the Holocaust^[2]
• Samuel Bergman, philosopher^[3]
• Pavel Bergmann, historian, philosopher and political activist; signatory of charter 77; nephew of Hugo Bergmann
• Berthold Bretholz, Moravian historian^[4]
• Vilém Flusser (1920–1991), self-taught philosopher^[5]
• Ernest Gellner (1925–1995), philosopher and social anthropologist^[6]
• Stephan Korner, philosopher^[7]
• Ernest Nagel, philosopher^[8]
• Samuel Steinherz (1857–1942), Czechoslovak mediaevalist^[9]

• Nikolai Brashman (1796–1866), mathematician^[10]
• David Gans (1541–1613), mathematician^[11]
• Joseph Kohn (1932–2023), mathematician^[12]
• Ernst Kolman (1892–1972), philosopher of mathematics^[13]
• Charles Loewner (1893–1968), mathematician^[14]
• Assaf Naor (born 1975), mathematician^[15]
• Alfred Tauber (1866–1942), mathematician^[16]
• Olga Taussky-Todd (1906–1995), mathematician^[17]

• Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis; born in Příbor (Freiberg), Moravia
• Carl Koller (1857–1944), ophthalmologist^[18]
• Pavol Steiner (1908–1969), Olympic water polo player, swimmer, and cardiac surgeon
• Rudolf Vrba (1924–2006), pharmacologist^[19] (born in Slovakia)

• Gerty Cori (1896–1957), biochemist^[20]
• Martin Fleischmann, chemist^[21]

• Bedřich Feuerstein (1892–1936), architect, painter and essayist^[22]
• Miloš Forman (1932–2018), film director, actor and script writer^[23]
• Juraj Herz (born 1934), film director, actor, and scenic designer^[24] (born in Slovakia)
• Arnošt Goldflam (born 1946), playwright, writer, director, screenwriter and actor^[25]
• Hugo Haas (1901–1968), actor and film director^[26]
• Miloš Kopecký (1922–1996), actor
• Hugo Lederer (1871–1940), sculptor^[27]
• Francis Lederer (1899–2000), actor^[28]
• Herbert Lom (1917–2012), actor^[29]
• Robert Maxwell (1923–1991), media mogul^[30]
• Emil Orlik (1870–1932), painter^[31]
• Alfréd Radok (1917–1976), writer and director in theater and film^[32]
• Karel Reisz (1926–2002), film director^[33]
• Ivan Reitman (1946-2022), film director (born in Slovakia)
• Emery Roth (1871–1948), architect (born in Sečovce at the present-day territory of Slovakia)
• Jan Saudek (born 1935), art photographer^[34]
• Anna Ticho (1894–1980), artist^[35]
• Jiří Weiss (1913–2004), film director and screenwriter^[36]
• Adrianna Demiany (née Roskovanyi) (born 1942), Slovak-Hungarian-Canadian Journalist (Born in Košice at the present-day territory of Slovakia)^[37]

• Kurt Epstein (1904–1975), Czechoslovak national water polo team, Olympic competitor, incarcerated by the Nazis in Theresienstadt and Auschwitz^[38][39]
• Arie Gill-Glick (1930–2016), Israeli Olympic runner
• Ladislav Hecht (1909–2004), Czechoslovak-American tennis player, world #6
• Gertrude "Traute" Kleinová (1918–1976), table tennis, three-time world champion, incarcerated by the Nazis in Theresienstadt and Auschwitz
• Pavol Steiner (1908–1969), Olympic water polo player, swimmer, and cardiac surgeon
• Olga Winterberg (1922–2010), Israeli Olympian in the discus throw

• Karel Ančerl (1908–1973), conductor, respected for his performances of contemporary music and particularly cherished for his interpretations of music by Czech composers^[40]
• Karel Berman (1919–1995), opera singer and composer^[41]
• Ignaz Brüll, composer and pianist^[42]
• Arthur Chitz (1882–1944) musicologist, composer, pianist, and conductor^[43][44]
• Alexander Goldscheider (born 1950), composer and producer
• Alfred Grünfeld (1852–1924), pianist and composer^[45]
• Pavel Haas (1899–1944), composer^[46]
• Eduard Hanslick (1825–1904), music critic^[47]
• Gideon Klein (1919–1945), composer of classical music^[48][49]
• Eliška Kleinová (1912–1999), pianist, music educator; sister of Gideon Klein
• Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957), composer^[50]
• Hans Krása (1899–1944), composer^[51][52]
• Egon Ledeč (1889–1944), music composer^[48]
• Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), music composer and conductor, Czech-born^[53][54]
• Herbert Thomas Mandl (1926–2007), concert violinist, professor at the Janáček Academy of Music in Ostrava, Holocaust survivor who was a contemporary witness to the rich cultural life in the Theresienstadt (Terezín) ghetto
• Ignaz Moscheles (1794–1870), composer and piano virtuoso^[55]
• Zuzana Růžičková (1927–2017), contemporary harpsichordist, interpreter of classical and baroque music^[56]
• Erwin Schulhoff (1894–1942), composer and pianist^[57]
• Julius Schulhoff (1825–1898), pianist and composer^[58]
• Walter Susskind (1913–1980), conductor^[59]
• Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944), composer, conductor and pianist^[60]
• Jaromír Weinberger (1896–1967), composer^[61]

• Victor Adler (1852–1918), socialist politician, born in Prague^[62]
• Madeleine Albright (1937–2022), served as the 64th United States Secretary of State^[63]
• Ludwig Czech (1870–1942), leader and several times minister for the German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic
• Jan Fischer (born 1951), prime minister of the Czech Republic (2009)^[64]
• Bruno Kafka (1881–1931), German-speaking Jewish Czech politician, leader from 1918 to his death of the Czechoslovak German Democratic Liberal Party, member of the National Assembly
• Ignaz Kuranda, politician^[65]
• Artur London (1915–1986), communist politician and co-defendant in the Slánský trial; born in Ostrava, Silesia, Austria-Hungary^[66]
• Rudolf Margolius (1913–1952), Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade (1949–1952), a victim of the Slánský trial^[67]
• Rudolf Slánský (1901–1952); Communist politician and the party's General Secretary after World War II; fell into disfavour with the regime and was executed after a show trial^[68]
• Michael Žantovský, politician and author; appointed to serve as the Ambassador to Israel in July 2003^[69]
• Vladimír Železný (born 1945), media businessman and politician, member of the European Parliament, founder of TV NOVA

• Samuel Abramson, rabbi of Carlsbad^[70]
• Tzvi Ashkenazi, better known as Haham Zevi, chief rabbi of Amsterdam, prominent opponent of the Sabbateans
• Nehemiah Brüll, rabbi (born Rousínov, Moravia)^[71]
• Israel Bruna, rabbi (born Brno)^[72]
• Aaron Chorin, rabbi (born Moravia)^[73]
• Joseph H. Hertz (1872–1946), Chief Rabbi of the British Empire^[74]
• Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan, Bohemian tosafist^[75]
• Judah Loew ben Bezalel (1525?–1609), rabbi^[76]
• Mordecai Meisel, philanthropist and communal leader at Prague^[77]
• Karol Sidon, playwright, chief rabbi of Prague, and Convert to Judaism
• Salomon Weisz, cantor & Bar Mitzvah teacher in Znojmo and Trebic, cantor of Moravia and Bar Mitzvah teacher in Prague from 1946 to 1968.

• Henri Blowitz, journalist^[78]
• Max Brod (1884–1968), author, composer, and journalist^[79]
• Petr Brod (b. 1951), journalist ^[80]
• Avigdor Dagan (1912–2006), writer^[81]
• Egon Hostovsky (1908–1973), writer^[82]
• Franz Kafka (1883–1924), novelist^[83][84][85]
• Siegfried Kapper (1821–1879), writer^[86]
• Ivan Klíma (born 1931), novelist, playwright^[87]
• Leopold Kompert (1822–1886), author^[88]
• Heda Margolius Kovály, author and translator^[89][90]
• František R. Kraus (1903–1967), writer, journalist and reporter; wrote one of the first books ever about his experience in Auschwitz, published in 1945
• Jiří Langer (1894-1943), poet, scholar and essayist, journalist and teacher
• Arnošt Lustig (1926–2011), author of novels, short stories, plays and screenplays whose works have often involved the Holocaust^[91]
• Jiří Orten (1919–1941), poet^[92]
• Ota Pavel (1930–1973), writer, journalist and sport reporter
• Leopold Perutz (1882–1957), German language novelist and mathematician
• Karel Poláček (1892–1945), writer and journalist^[93]
• Tom Stoppard (born 1937), playwright, known for plays such as The Real Thing and Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, and for the screenplay for Shakespeare in Love^[94]
• Hermann Ungar (1893–1929), writer of German language and an officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia^[95]
• Jiří Weil (1900–1959), writer, novels Life with a Star (Život s hvězdou) and Mendelssohn is on the Roof^[96]
• Franz Werfel (1890–1945), Czech-born writer; married Mahler's widow^[97]

• Jacob Bassevi (1580–1634), Bohemian Court Jew and financier^[98]
• George Brady (1928–2019), brother of Hana Brady^[99]
• Hana Brady (1931–1944), Holocaust victim^[100]
• Izrael Zachariah Deutsch, deaf memoirist^[101]
• Salo Flohr (1908–1983), leading chess master of the early 20th century^[102]
• Tomáš Galásek, football player
• Petr Ginz (1928–1944), boy deported to the Terezín concentration camp during the Holocaust^[103]
• Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal (1759–1849), merchant^[104]
• Frank Lowy (born 1930), businessman^[105]
• Richard Réti (1889–1929), chess grandmaster^[106]
• Yoshua Samuel Rusnak (also "Yehoshua Sh'mu'el Rusnak"; died 1915),^[107] diasporan Jew and Zionist based in Kosice, Slovakia; many of his family members were murdered in the Holocaust at Auschwitz^{[108][109][110]}
• Wilhelm Steinitz (1836–1900), first World Chess Champion^[111]
• Irene Capek (1925–2006), Jewish holocaust survivor, humanitarian and local Australian politician

• History of the Jews in the Czech Republic
• History of the Jews in Slovakia
• List of Austrian Jews
• List of Czechs
• List of East European Jews
• List of Slovaks