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Lyle's flying fox

Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Pteropodidae
Genus:	Pteropus
Species:	P. lylei
Binomial name
*Pteropus lylei* K. Andersen, 1908

Lyle's flying fox range

Lyle's flying fox^[1] (Pteropus lylei) is a species of flying fox in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, with an outlying population in Yunnan, China. It faces persecution from farmers and it is killed for bushmeat in parts of its range.^[2] The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being "vulnerable".

Description

Lyle's flying fox is a moderate-sized species. It has a long snout, large eyes, pointed ears and a fox-like face. The upper parts are mostly blackish apart from a broad collar of orange fur and sometimes a dark brown or yellowish-brown lower body. The wings are black or dark brown, while the underparts are dark brownish-black.^[3]

Distribution and habitat

Lyle's flying fox is endemic to the countries in southern Asia adjoining the Gulf of Thailand, its range extending from southern Thailand through central and southern Cambodia to the extreme southwestern part of Vietnam. It has also been detected in Yunnan Province in China. It is gregarious and roosts in tropical and sub-tropical forest, mangrove forests and can also occur in plantations and secondary forests.^[1]

A colony of thousands of bats consisting of this species, mixed with the large flying fox, is to be found at the Bat Pagoda (Khmer Chùa Dơi) in Sóc Trăng city in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Here the bats roost in trees in the grounds of the temple and are protected by the monks.^[4]

Ecology

Like other flying foxes, Lyle's flying fox feeds on fruit; its diet is known to include mango, cashew, monkey jack, sapodilla, dragonfruit, Java apple, tamarind, jambolan and roseapple.^[5] It chews the fruit and spits out most of the seeds, but some seeds are swallowed and pass through the bat, resulting in their dispersal. The bat also feeds on flowers, nectar and pollen.^[3] While foraging they visit orchards, and may fly 50 km (31 mi) between roosts.^[1]

The bats feed nocturnally but the roosting colony, high in trees, is quite active during the day, with mothers feeding their young and the bats moving around and vocalizing.^[3] This bat is a reservoir for the Nipah virus, the causal agent of a newly emerged neurological and respiratory disease which was first reported in 1998. The virus is harmless in bats but can cause a fatal disease in pigs and humans.^[3]

Status

The trees in which Lyle's flying fox roosts may become denuded of leaves and the bats may be threatened when the trees die, if they have not been replaced by new plantings. Another threat the bats face is hunting in Thailand and Cambodia and persecution by farmers across their range trying to protect their orchards. The International Union for Conservation of Nature estimates that populations have declined by more than 30% within the last fifteen years and has rated the conservation status of this flying fox as "vulnerable".^[1]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pteropus lylei.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Waldien, D.L.; Tsang, S.M. (2021). "Pteropus lylei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T18734A22082429. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T18734A22082429.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ Mickleburgh, S., Waylen, K., & Racey, P. (2009). Bats as bushmeat: a global review. Oryx, 43(02), 217–234.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Lyle's flying fox (Pteropus lylei)". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2018-11-08. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
^ Voigt, Christian C.; Kingston, Tigga (2015). Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer. p. 509. ISBN 978-3-319-25220-9.
^ Voigt, Christian C.; Kingston, Tigga (2015). Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer. pp. 380–389. ISBN 978-3-319-25220-9.

Extant species of family Pteropodidae

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Order: Chiroptera

Subfamily Nyctimeninae

Nyctimene
(tube-nosed fruit bats)

Paranyctimene

Subfamily Cynopterinae

Aethalops (Pygmy fruit bats)	Borneo fruit bat (A. aequalis) Pygmy fruit bat (A. alecto)
Alionycteris	Mindanao pygmy fruit bat (A. paucidentata)
Balionycteris	Spotted-winged fruit bat (B. maculata) Balionycteris seimundi
Chironax	Black-capped fruit bat (C. melanocephalus)
Cynopterus (Dog-faced fruit bats)	Lesser short-nosed fruit bat (C. brachyotis) Horsfield's fruit bat (C. horsfieldii) Peters's fruit bat (C. luzoniensis) Minute fruit bat (C. minutus) Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat (C. nusatenggara) Greater short-nosed fruit bat (C. sphinx) Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat (C. titthaecheilus)
Dyacopterus (Dayak fruit bats)	Brooks's dyak fruit bat (D. brooksi) Rickart's dyak fruit bat (D. rickarti) Dayak fruit bat (D. spadiceus)
Haplonycteris	Fischer's pygmy fruit bat (H. fischeri)
Latidens	Salim Ali's fruit bat (L. salimalii)
Megaerops	Tailless fruit bat (M. ecaudatus) Javan tailless fruit bat (M. kusnotoi) Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat (M. niphanae) White-collared fruit bat (M. wetmorei)
Otopteropus	Luzon fruit bat (O. cartilagonodus)
Penthetor	Dusky fruit bat (P. lucasi)
Ptenochirus (Musky fruit bats)	Greater musky fruit bat (P. jagori) Lesser musky fruit bat (P. minor)
Sphaerias	Blanford's fruit bat (S. blanfordi)
Thoopterus	Swift fruit bat (T. nigrescens) T. suhaniahae

Subfamily Harpyionycterinae

Aproteles	Bulmer's fruit bat (A. bulmerae)
Dobsonia (Bare-backed fruit bats)	Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat (D. anderseni) Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat (D. beauforti) Philippine naked-backed fruit bat (D. chapmani) Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat (D. crenulata) Biak naked-backed fruit bat (D. emersa) Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat (D. exoleta) Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat (D. inermis) Lesser naked-backed fruit bat (D. minor) Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat (D. moluccensis) Panniet naked-backed fruit bat (D. pannietensis) Western naked-backed fruit bat (D. peronii) New Britain naked-backed fruit bat (D. praedatrix) Greenish naked-backed fruit bat (D. viridis)
Harpyionycteris	Sulawesi harpy fruit bat (H. celebensis) Harpy fruit bat (H. whiteheadi)

Subfamily Macroglossinae

Macroglossus (Long-tongued fruit bats)	Long-tongued nectar bat (M. minimus) Long-tongued fruit bat (M. sobrinus)
Melonycteris	Fardoulis's blossom bat (M. fardoulisi) Black-bellied fruit bat (M. melanops) Woodford's fruit bat (M. woodfordi)
Notopteris (Long-tailed fruit bats)	Long-tailed fruit bat (N. macdonaldi) New Caledonia blossom bat (N. neocaledonica)
Syconycteris (blossom bats)	Common blossom bat (S. australis) Halmahera blossom bat (S. carolinae) Moss-forest blossom bat (S. hobbit)

Subfamily Pteropodinae

Acerodon	Sulawesi flying fox (A. celebensis) Talaud flying fox (A. humilis) Giant golden-crowned flying fox (A. jubatus) Palawan fruit bat (A. leucotis) Sunda flying fox (A. mackloti)
Desmalopex	White-winged flying fox (D. leucopterus) Small white-winged flying fox (D. microleucopterus)
Eidolon (Straw-coloured fruit bats)	Madagascan fruit bat (E. dupreanum) Straw-coloured fruit bat (E. helvum)
Mirimiri	Fijian monkey-faced Bat (M. acrodonta)
Neopteryx	Small-toothed fruit bat (N. frosti)
Pteralopex	Bougainville monkey-faced Bat (P. anceps) Guadalcanal monkey-faced Bat (P. atrata) Greater monkey-faced Bat (P. flanneryi) Montane monkey-faced Bat (P. pulchra) New Georgian monkey-faced Bat (P. taki)
Pteropus (flying foxes)	Admiralty flying fox (P. admiralitatum) Aldabra flying fox (P. aldabrensis) Black flying fox (P. alecto) Small Samoan flying fox (P. allenorum) Vanuatu flying fox (P. anetianus) Aru flying fox (P. aruensis) Ashy-headed flying fox (P. caniceps) Bismarck masked flying fox (P. capistratus) Moluccan flying fox (P. chrysoproctus) Makira flying fox (P. cognatus) Spectacled flying fox (P. conspicillatus) Large Samoan flying fox (P. coxi) Ryukyu flying fox (P. dasymallus) New Ireland masked flying fox (P. ennisae) Nicobar flying fox (P. faunulus) Banks flying fox (P. fundatus) Gilliard's flying fox (P. gilliardorum) Gray flying fox (P. griseus) Ontong Java flying fox (P. howensis) Small flying fox (P. hypomelanus) Andersen's flying fox (P. intermedius) Kei flying fox (P. keyensis) Livingstone's fruit bat (P. livingstonii) Lombok flying fox (P. lombocensis) Okinawa flying fox (P. loochoensis) Lyle's flying fox (P. lylei) Big-eared flying fox (P. macrotis) Lesser flying fox (P. mahaganus) Mariana fruit bat (P. mariannus) Indian flying fox (P. medius) Black-bearded flying fox (P. melanopogon) Black-eared flying fox (P. melanotus) Caroline flying fox (P. molossinus) Great flying fox (P. neohibernicus) Mauritian flying fox (P. niger) Temotu flying fox (P. nitendiensis) Ceram fruit bat (P. ocularis) Ornate flying fox (P. ornatus) P. pelagicus Pelew flying fox (P. pelewensis) Masked flying fox (P. personatus) Geelvink Bay flying fox (P. pohlei) Grey-headed flying fox (P. poliocephalus) Bonin flying fox (P. pselaphon) Little golden-mantled flying fox (P. pumilus) Solomons flying fox (P. rayneri) Rennell flying fox (P. rennelli) Rodrigues flying fox (P. rodricensis) Madagascan flying fox (P. rufus) Samoa flying fox (P. samoensis) Little red flying fox (P. scapulatus) Seychelles fruit bat (P. seychellensis) Philippine gray flying fox (P. speciosus) Temminck's flying fox (P. temminckii) Insular flying fox (P. tonganus) Vanikoro flying fox (P. tuberculatus) Kosrae flying fox (P. ualanus) Large flying fox (P. vampyrus) New Caledonia flying fox (P. vetulus) Pemba flying fox (P. voeltzkowi) Dwarf flying fox (P. woodfordi)
Styloctenium	Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat (S. mindorensis) Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat (S. wallacei)

Subfamily Rousettinae

Eonycteris
(Dawn fruit bats)

Rousettus
(rousette fruit bats)

Subgenus Boneia: Manado fruit bat (R. bidens)

Subfamily Epomophorinae

Epomophorini

Epomophorus (Epauleted fruit bats)	Angolan epauletted fruit bat (E. angolensis) Ansell's epauletted fruit bat (E. anselli) Peters's epauletted fruit bat (E. crypturus) Gambian epauletted fruit bat (E. gambianus) Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat (E. grandis) Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat (E. labiatus) East African epauletted fruit bat (E. minimus) Minor epauletted fruit bat (E. minor) Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (E. wahlbergi)
Epomops (Epauleted bats)	Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat (E. buettikoferi) Dobson's fruit bat (E. dobsoni) Franquet's epauletted fruit bat (E. franqueti)
Hypsignathus	Hammer-headed Bat (H. monstrosus)
Micropteropus (Dwarf epauleted bats)	Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (M. intermedius) Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat (M. pusillus)
Nanonycteris	Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (N. veldkampii)

Myonycterini

Lissonycteris	Angolan rousette (L. angolensis)
Megaloglossus	Azagnyi fruit bat (M. azagnyi) Woermann's bat (M. woermanni)
Myonycteris (Little collared fruit bats)	São Tomé collared fruit bat (M. brachycephala) East African little collared fruit bat (M. relicta) Little collared fruit bat (M. torquata)

Plerotini

Plerotes	D'Anchieta's fruit bat (P. anchietae)

Scotonycterini

Casinycteris	Short-palated fruit bat (C. argynnis) Campo-Ma’an fruit bat (C. campomaanensis) Pohle's fruit bat (C. ophiodon)
Scotonycteris	Zenker's fruit bat (S. zenkeri)

Taxon identifiers
Pteropus lylei	Wikidata: Q635120 Wikispecies: Pteropus lylei ARKive: pteropus-lylei BOLD: 15831 CoL: 4Q32K EoL: 327275 GBIF: 5218678 iNaturalist: 40898 IRMNG: 10238631 ITIS: 631637 IUCN: 18734 MDD: 1004472 MSW: 13800321 NCBI: 166054 Open Tree of Life: 630309 Paleobiology Database: 432817 Species+: 5642

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