Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat

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Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat - Wikipedia

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Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat

Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Chiroptera
Family:	Pteropodidae
Genus:	Styloctenium
Species:	S. wallacei
Binomial name
*Styloctenium wallacei* (Gray, 1866)

Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat range
Synonyms
Pteropus wallacei Gray, 1866

The Wallace's or Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat (Styloctenium wallacei) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is endemic to Sulawesi and the nearby Togian Islands of Indonesia. Cave paintings resembling these bats have been found in Australia, where bats of this kind are not otherwise known.

Taxonomy

The Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat was first described in 1866 by the British zoologist John Edward Gray, Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum. He gave it the name Pteropus wallacei, naming it in honour of the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace who had collected the first specimen in Sulawesi in Indonesia.^[2] Although Wallace was sure that the specimen he had found was a new species, his announcement was met with scepticism, and others thought the bat was a juvenile masked flying fox (Pteropus personatus).^[3] In 1899, the bat was moved to the new genus Styloctenium by the German zoologist Paul Matschie. This genus was believed to be monotypic, but in 2007, a single bat found on the island of Mindoro in the Philippines was described by Jacob Esselstyn and added to the genus as Styloctenium mindorensis, the Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat.^[4]

Description

The Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat is a typical fruit bat with long, naked ears, forearms modified for flight and short hind legs with claws. There are white facial markings, each with a dark brown margin; a streak on the rostrum, a spot on the cheek, another at the angle of the jaw, a patch over the eye, a band across the upper lip and a patch on the chin.^[5] The only other known species of the genus Styloctenium, S. mindorensis, is differentiated by its multicusped lower and upper canine teeth.^[6]

Distribution and habitat

The Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat is native to the island of Sulawesi in the Greater Sunda Islands and the Togian Islands in the Gulf of Tomini . It inhabits primary forest at altitudes of up to about 1,100 m (3,600 ft) but sometimes occurs in secondary forest where the understorey has been cleared to make way for cultivation of coffee or cocoa. When it is occasionally seen in more open areas, it is probably moving between fragmented patches of forest.^[1] Cave paintings of megabats, found near Kimberley in Australia, are unlike any bats living on that continent today; they more resemble the Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat than any other species. A fossilised wasp nest overlaying cave paintings of a similar type has been tested as being 17,500 years old, making the rock art older and maybe dating to the last ice age, some twenty to twenty-five thousand years ago.^[7]

Status

The Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat is common in some areas of the island but rare in others. Much of the primary forest on Sulawesi has been cleared for agriculture, and the population of the bat is thought to be declining, and it may be hunted in some areas. For these reasons, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "near threatened". It is present in the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Sheherazade. (2021). "Styloctenium wallacei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T21100A203829571. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T21100A203829571.en. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
^ Beccalon, George (2008-01-12). "Plants and animals named after Wallace". Alfred Russel Wallace Website. Archived from the original on 2020-01-31. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
^ Fearn, Eva (2012). State of the Wild 2010-2011: A Global Portrait. Island Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-61091-158-0.
^ "Philippines finds new breed of flying fox". Reuters. 2007-09-16. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
^ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1832). Longman. 1866. pp. 66–67.
^ Esselstyn, Jacob A. (2007). "A new species of stripe-faced fruit bat (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae: Styloctenium) from the Philippines". Journal of Mammalogy. 88 (4): 951–958. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-294R.1.
^ Ancient Australian Rock Art Depicts Unknown Bats – News Watch. Newswatch.nationalgeographic.com (2008-12-09). Retrieved on 2015-11-13.

Extant species of family Pteropodidae

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
Order: Chiroptera

Subfamily Nyctimeninae

Nyctimene
(tube-nosed fruit bats)

Paranyctimene

Subfamily Cynopterinae

Aethalops (Pygmy fruit bats)	Borneo fruit bat (A. aequalis) Pygmy fruit bat (A. alecto)
Alionycteris	Mindanao pygmy fruit bat (A. paucidentata)
Balionycteris	Spotted-winged fruit bat (B. maculata) Balionycteris seimundi
Chironax	Black-capped fruit bat (C. melanocephalus)
Cynopterus (Dog-faced fruit bats)	Lesser short-nosed fruit bat (C. brachyotis) Horsfield's fruit bat (C. horsfieldii) Peters's fruit bat (C. luzoniensis) Minute fruit bat (C. minutus) Nusatenggara short-nosed fruit bat (C. nusatenggara) Greater short-nosed fruit bat (C. sphinx) Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat (C. titthaecheilus)
Dyacopterus (Dayak fruit bats)	Brooks's dyak fruit bat (D. brooksi) Rickart's dyak fruit bat (D. rickarti) Dayak fruit bat (D. spadiceus)
Haplonycteris	Fischer's pygmy fruit bat (H. fischeri)
Latidens	Salim Ali's fruit bat (L. salimalii)
Megaerops	Tailless fruit bat (M. ecaudatus) Javan tailless fruit bat (M. kusnotoi) Ratanaworabhan's fruit bat (M. niphanae) White-collared fruit bat (M. wetmorei)
Otopteropus	Luzon fruit bat (O. cartilagonodus)
Penthetor	Dusky fruit bat (P. lucasi)
Ptenochirus (Musky fruit bats)	Greater musky fruit bat (P. jagori) Lesser musky fruit bat (P. minor)
Sphaerias	Blanford's fruit bat (S. blanfordi)
Thoopterus	Swift fruit bat (T. nigrescens) T. suhaniahae

Subfamily Harpyionycterinae

Aproteles	Bulmer's fruit bat (A. bulmerae)
Dobsonia (Bare-backed fruit bats)	Andersen's naked-backed fruit bat (D. anderseni) Beaufort's naked-backed fruit bat (D. beauforti) Philippine naked-backed fruit bat (D. chapmani) Halmahera naked-backed fruit bat (D. crenulata) Biak naked-backed fruit bat (D. emersa) Sulawesi naked-backed fruit bat (D. exoleta) Solomon's naked-backed fruit bat (D. inermis) Lesser naked-backed fruit bat (D. minor) Moluccan naked-backed fruit bat (D. moluccensis) Panniet naked-backed fruit bat (D. pannietensis) Western naked-backed fruit bat (D. peronii) New Britain naked-backed fruit bat (D. praedatrix) Greenish naked-backed fruit bat (D. viridis)
Harpyionycteris	Sulawesi harpy fruit bat (H. celebensis) Harpy fruit bat (H. whiteheadi)

Subfamily Macroglossinae

Macroglossus (Long-tongued fruit bats)	Long-tongued nectar bat (M. minimus) Long-tongued fruit bat (M. sobrinus)
Melonycteris	Fardoulis's blossom bat (M. fardoulisi) Black-bellied fruit bat (M. melanops) Woodford's fruit bat (M. woodfordi)
Notopteris (Long-tailed fruit bats)	Long-tailed fruit bat (N. macdonaldi) New Caledonia blossom bat (N. neocaledonica)
Syconycteris (blossom bats)	Common blossom bat (S. australis) Halmahera blossom bat (S. carolinae) Moss-forest blossom bat (S. hobbit)

Subfamily Pteropodinae

Acerodon	Sulawesi flying fox (A. celebensis) Talaud flying fox (A. humilis) Giant golden-crowned flying fox (A. jubatus) Palawan fruit bat (A. leucotis) Sunda flying fox (A. mackloti)
Desmalopex	White-winged flying fox (D. leucopterus) Small white-winged flying fox (D. microleucopterus)
Eidolon (Straw-coloured fruit bats)	Madagascan fruit bat (E. dupreanum) Straw-coloured fruit bat (E. helvum)
Mirimiri	Fijian monkey-faced Bat (M. acrodonta)
Neopteryx	Small-toothed fruit bat (N. frosti)
Pteralopex	Bougainville monkey-faced Bat (P. anceps) Guadalcanal monkey-faced Bat (P. atrata) Greater monkey-faced Bat (P. flanneryi) Montane monkey-faced Bat (P. pulchra) New Georgian monkey-faced Bat (P. taki)
Pteropus (flying foxes)	Admiralty flying fox (P. admiralitatum) Aldabra flying fox (P. aldabrensis) Black flying fox (P. alecto) Small Samoan flying fox (P. allenorum) Vanuatu flying fox (P. anetianus) Aru flying fox (P. aruensis) Ashy-headed flying fox (P. caniceps) Bismarck masked flying fox (P. capistratus) Moluccan flying fox (P. chrysoproctus) Makira flying fox (P. cognatus) Spectacled flying fox (P. conspicillatus) Large Samoan flying fox (P. coxi) Ryukyu flying fox (P. dasymallus) New Ireland masked flying fox (P. ennisae) Nicobar flying fox (P. faunulus) Banks flying fox (P. fundatus) Gilliard's flying fox (P. gilliardorum) Gray flying fox (P. griseus) Ontong Java flying fox (P. howensis) Small flying fox (P. hypomelanus) Andersen's flying fox (P. intermedius) Kei flying fox (P. keyensis) Livingstone's fruit bat (P. livingstonii) Lombok flying fox (P. lombocensis) Okinawa flying fox (P. loochoensis) Lyle's flying fox (P. lylei) Big-eared flying fox (P. macrotis) Lesser flying fox (P. mahaganus) Mariana fruit bat (P. mariannus) Indian flying fox (P. medius) Black-bearded flying fox (P. melanopogon) Black-eared flying fox (P. melanotus) Caroline flying fox (P. molossinus) Great flying fox (P. neohibernicus) Mauritian flying fox (P. niger) Temotu flying fox (P. nitendiensis) Ceram fruit bat (P. ocularis) Ornate flying fox (P. ornatus) P. pelagicus Pelew flying fox (P. pelewensis) Masked flying fox (P. personatus) Geelvink Bay flying fox (P. pohlei) Grey-headed flying fox (P. poliocephalus) Bonin flying fox (P. pselaphon) Little golden-mantled flying fox (P. pumilus) Solomons flying fox (P. rayneri) Rennell flying fox (P. rennelli) Rodrigues flying fox (P. rodricensis) Madagascan flying fox (P. rufus) Samoa flying fox (P. samoensis) Little red flying fox (P. scapulatus) Seychelles fruit bat (P. seychellensis) Philippine gray flying fox (P. speciosus) Temminck's flying fox (P. temminckii) Insular flying fox (P. tonganus) Vanikoro flying fox (P. tuberculatus) Kosrae flying fox (P. ualanus) Large flying fox (P. vampyrus) New Caledonia flying fox (P. vetulus) Pemba flying fox (P. voeltzkowi) Dwarf flying fox (P. woodfordi)
Styloctenium	Mindoro stripe-faced fruit bat (S. mindorensis) Sulawesi stripe-faced fruit bat (S. wallacei)

Subfamily Rousettinae

Eonycteris
(Dawn fruit bats)

Rousettus
(rousette fruit bats)

Subgenus Boneia: Manado fruit bat (R. bidens)

Subfamily Epomophorinae

Epomophorini

Epomophorus (Epauleted fruit bats)	Angolan epauletted fruit bat (E. angolensis) Ansell's epauletted fruit bat (E. anselli) Peters's epauletted fruit bat (E. crypturus) Gambian epauletted fruit bat (E. gambianus) Lesser Angolan epauletted fruit bat (E. grandis) Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat (E. labiatus) East African epauletted fruit bat (E. minimus) Minor epauletted fruit bat (E. minor) Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat (E. wahlbergi)
Epomops (Epauleted bats)	Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat (E. buettikoferi) Dobson's fruit bat (E. dobsoni) Franquet's epauletted fruit bat (E. franqueti)
Hypsignathus	Hammer-headed Bat (H. monstrosus)
Micropteropus (Dwarf epauleted bats)	Hayman's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (M. intermedius) Peters' dwarf epauletted fruit bat (M. pusillus)
Nanonycteris	Veldkamp's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (N. veldkampii)

Myonycterini

Lissonycteris	Angolan rousette (L. angolensis)
Megaloglossus	Azagnyi fruit bat (M. azagnyi) Woermann's bat (M. woermanni)
Myonycteris (Little collared fruit bats)	São Tomé collared fruit bat (M. brachycephala) East African little collared fruit bat (M. relicta) Little collared fruit bat (M. torquata)

Plerotini

Plerotes	D'Anchieta's fruit bat (P. anchietae)

Scotonycterini

Casinycteris	Short-palated fruit bat (C. argynnis) Campo-Ma’an fruit bat (C. campomaanensis) Pohle's fruit bat (C. ophiodon)
Scotonycteris	Zenker's fruit bat (S. zenkeri)

Taxon identifiers
Styloctenium wallacei	Wikidata: Q576724 Wikispecies: Styloctenium wallacei ADW: Styloctenium_wallacei ARKive: styloctenium-wallacei CoL: 6ZZL6 EoL: 127676 GBIF: 2432931 iNaturalist: 40953 IRMNG: 11038067 ITIS: 631678 IUCN: 21100 MDD: 1004512 MSW: 13800430 NCBI: 1442611
Pteropus wallacei	Wikidata: Q109647453 CoL: 4Q34G GBIF: 8106586 ITIS: 946902

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