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| Turnout | 55.29%  4.1 [1] | |||||||||||||||||||
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    Romney: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% O'Brien: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90% Tie: 40–50% | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Elections in Massachusetts |
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The 2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held on November 5, 2002. Incumbent Republican acting governor Jane Swift chose not to seek a full term in office. Republican businessman Mitt Romney defeated Democratic Treasurer Shannon O'Brien.
This would be the only time Romney won in the state, as in the 2012 presidential election, he lost the state to Barack Obama by a large margin.
Republican primary
Governor
Candidates
- Mitt Romney, businessman and nominee for U.S. Senate in 1994
Withdrew
- Jane Swift, acting governor
In 2002, Republican lieutenant governor Jane Swift was expected to campaign for the governor's office, and she had said she would in October 2001.[2] Swift had been serving as acting governor after Republican governor Paul Cellucci resigned upon being appointed U.S. Ambassador to Canada.[2] However, Swift was viewed as an unpopular executive, and her administration was plagued by political missteps and personal and ethical controversies.[2][3][4] Many Republicans viewed her as a liability and considered her unable to win a general election against a Democrat.[5]
Prominent GOP activists campaigned to persuade businessman Mitt Romney, who had previously run for the U.S. Senate from the state, to run for governor.[6] Romney was coming off a successful stint as head of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games of 2002[2] and was also mentioned as a possible candidate for Governor of Utah.[4] Romney had previously indicated in fall 2001 that he would not challenge a sitting Republican in running for the Massachusetts governorship, and thus was in a delicate position.[2][4] Massachusetts Republican State Committee chair Kerry Healey had flown to Utah to personally assess Romney's intentions.[4]
On March 17, Romney flew to Massachusetts; a Boston Herald poll showed him defeating Swift by a 75 percent to 12 percent margin in a Republican primary.[4][7] Two days later, Swift declared that she had decided not to seek her party's nomination, citing family reasons and also saying "I believe that this is in the best interest of our state, as it will allow the Republican Party's best chances of holding the governor's office in November."[7] Three hours later, Romney announced his candidacy.[2] Romney was subsequently unopposed in the Republican party primary.[8]
Polling
| Poll source | Dates administered | Mitt Romney | Jane M. Swift |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Herald[9] | March 17, 2002 | 77% | 12% |
Lieutenant governor
Candidates
- Kerry Healey, chair of the Massachusetts Republican Party
- Jim Rappaport, former chair of the Massachusetts Republican Party and nominee for U.S. Senate in 1990
Withdrew
- Donna Cuomo, former State Representative from North Andover[10][11]
- Patrick Guerriero, deputy chief of staff to Jane Swift and former mayor of Melrose
Declined
- Frank Cousins, Essex County Sheriff[12]
- Daniel Grabauskas, Registrar of Motor Vehicles[13] (ran for Treasurer and Receiver-General)
- Ralph C. Martin II, Suffolk County District Attorney[12]
- Christy Mihos, member of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority[14]
Jim Rappaport, the Republican nominee for United States Senate in 1990 and a political adversary of Jane Swift, was the first Republican to declare his candidacy for lieutenant governor.[15]
In February, Swift named Patrick Guerriero, her deputy chief of staff, as her running mate after multiple others, including Christy Mihos, declined.[14][16] Guerriero was the nation's first openly gay candidate for lieutenant governor.[17]
After Romney entered the race he selected Kerry Healey, former chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party, to be his running mate.[18] Shortly after Romney's endorsement of Healey, Guerriero dropped out of the race and gave his support to Healey.[19] Rappaport remained in the race and lost to Healey in the Republican primary.
Results
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Kerry Healey | 159,667 | 62.76 | |
| Republican | Jim Rappaport | 88,061 | 34.62 | |
| Write-in | 241 | 0.09 | ||
| Total votes | 247,969 | 100.00 | ||
Democratic primary
Governor
Candidates
- Thomas Birmingham, President of the Massachusetts Senate
- Shannon O'Brien, Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts
- Robert Reich, former United States Secretary of Labor
- Warren Tolman, former State Senator from Watertown and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 1998
Withdrew
- Steve Grossman, former chair of the DNC and president of AIPAC
The leader in most of the polls conducted was O'Brien, who was a longtime insider with four generations of heritage in the Beacon Hill political establishment.[2][4] However, she faced criticism for some of the losing investments she had made as state treasurer.[2]
Reich's candidacy attracted considerable media attention, especially due to the 1997 publication of his memoir of working for the Clinton administration, Locked in the Cabinet. Reich had received criticism for embellishing events with invented dialogue, and the book had so angered Bill Clinton that he endorsed Grossman instead.[2]
Of the Democrats running, only Tolman elected to accept Clean Elections funding.[2]
Polling
| Poll source | Dates administered | Shannon O'Brien | Tom Birmingham | Robert Reich | Warren Tolman |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Globe/WBZ-TV | September 13, 2002 | 31% | 22% | 22% | 13% |
Results
In the September 17, 2002, primary, O'Brien won with 33 percent of the vote; Reich came in second with 25 percent, followed by 24 percent for Birmingham and 18 percent for Tolman (Grossman had dropped out before then).[2]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Shannon O'Brien | 243,039 | 32.52 | |
| Democratic | Robert Reich | 185,315 | 24.80 | |
| Democratic | Tom Birmingham | 179,703 | 24.05 | |
| Democratic | Warren Tolman | 132,157 | 17.69 | |
| Democratic | Steve Grossman | 5,976 | 0.80 | |
| Write-in | 1,113 | 0.15 | ||
| Total votes | 747,303 | 100.00 | ||
Lieutenant governor
Candidates
- Chris Gabrieli, businessman
- Lois Pines, former State Senator from Newton
- John P. Slattery, State Representative from Peabody
Eliminated at convention
- Sarah Cannon Holden[20]
Withdrew
- Stephen Lynch, State Senator from South Boston (ran for 9th congressional district)[21]
- Cheryl A. Jacques, State Senator from Needham (ran for 9th congressional district)[22]
Gabrieli was the running mate of Shannon O'Brien while Slattery and Pines were not affiliated with any candidate.
Results
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Chris Gabrieli | 306,043 | 46.18 | |
| Democratic | Lois Pines | 205,208 | 30.96 | |
| Democratic | John P. Slattery | 150,313 | 22.68 | |
| Write-in | 1,185 | 0.18 | ||
| Total votes | 662,749 | 100.00 | ||
General election
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Massachusetts campaigns
Presidential campaigns
Political party affiliations
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Candidates
- Carla Howell, Libertarian nominee for U.S. Senate candidate in 2000[23][24] (Libertarian)
- Running mate: Rich Aucoin, mechanical designer and candidate for Waltham Council in 2001
- Barbara C. Johnson (Independent)
- Running mate: Joe Schebel, self-employed carpenter
- Shannon O'Brien, Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusetts (Democratic)
- Running mate: Chris Gabrieli
- Mitt Romney, businessman and Republican nominee for U.S. Senate in 1994 (Republican)
- Running mate: Kerry Healey, chair of the Massachusetts Republican Party
- Jill Stein, internist at Simmons College Health Center[25] (Green-Rainbow)
- Running mate: Tony Lorenzen, high school theology teacher
Question of Romney's residency
Before the primaries concluded, Democratic officials claimed that Romney was ineligible to run for governor, citing residency issues. The Massachusetts Constitution requires that a gubernatorial candidate be an "inhabitant" for seven consecutive years prior to a run for office.[26][27]
Romney had attended business and law school at Harvard and spent his entire business career in Massachusetts until being hired to organize the Salt Lake Olympics in 1999. In 1999, Romney had listed himself as a part-time Massachusetts resident,[28] Romney had claimed residency in Utah from 1999 to 2002, during his time as president of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee and received a $54,000 property tax break there. Romney now offered to pay back that exemption.[2] Romney said that he had planned to return to Massachusetts all along.
On June 8, 2002, the Massachusetts Democratic Party filed a complaint with the Massachusetts State Ballot Law Commission,[26] which tended to be lenient in its interpretations of the requirements for residency.[26] At the time the commission was composed of three Republicans, one Democrat and one independent. On June 25, 2002, the commission unanimously ruled that Romney was eligible to run for office,[29] saying that "[Romney] never severed his ties to Massachusetts [and] his testimony was credible in all respects."[4] The ruling was not challenged in court,[30] and Romney accused the Democrats of playing "ridiculous, dirty politics".[4]
Campaign
Romney ran as a political outsider[31] and as an agent of change, saying he would "clean up the mess on Beacon Hill."[4] He said he was "not a partisan Republican" but rather a "moderate" with "progressive" views[32] Romney declared support for faith-based initiatives[2] and campaigned as a pro-choice candidate who would protect a woman's right to an abortion. He rejected the endorsement of Massachusetts Citizens for Life, an anti-abortion organization.[33]
O'Brien claimed Romney was "trying to mask a very conservative set of belief systems". While saying she would not criticize his membership in the LDS Church, she attacked his substantial donations to Brigham Young University, objecting to their bar on expressions of homosexuality.[2] O'Brien came out in support of same-sex marriage.[2]
Supporters of Romney hailed his business record, especially his success with the 2002 Olympics, as that of one who would be able to bring a new era of efficiency into Massachusetts politics.[8] His campaign was the first to use microtargeting techniques, in which small groups of voters were reached with narrowly tailored messaging.[34]
He proposed to reorganize the state government[35] and stressed his ability to obtain federal funds for the state.[36][37] Romney said he would cut $1 billion out of the $23 billion state budget by eliminating the usual suspects of waste, fraud, and mismanagement while still reducing taxes over a phased period.[4] He also said he was generally against tax increases, but refused to rule out the possibility of a tax increase.[2] He did attempt to paint O'Brien as a 'tax-and-spend liberal'.[4]
O'Brien focused her attacks by portraying Romney as being out of place in Massachusetts.[2] Romney had stumbled earlier in the year by not knowing that "MCAS" stood for the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System of school exams.[2] To soften Romney's image, a series of "work days" had been staged over the summer, in which he performed blue-collar jobs such as herding cows and baling hay, unloading a fishing boat, and hauling garbage.[2][38][35][39] Television ads highlighting the effort, as well as one portraying his family in gushing terms and showing him shirtless,[38] received a poor public response.[35][39] O'Brien responded, "Massachusetts doesn't need a governor who thinks getting in touch with working people is a costume party."[4]
By mid-October, Romney trailed O'Brien in most polls.[35][39] He responded with negative ads that accused O'Brien of mismanaging pension funds. Specifically, one ad featured a basset hound sleeping as men removed bags of money from the Massachusetts treasury. Another associated her husband Emmet Hayes, a former lobbyist, with the Enron scandal.[4][39]
O'Brien's campaign was hobbled by the short amount of time between the primary and the general election and by her having exhausted most of her funds by spending $4.5 million to win the nomination.[2][4] Romney, able to focus on the general election in the absence of any primary contest, contributed over $6 million to his own campaign during the election, a state record at the time.[2][40] He raised nearly $10 million for his campaign overall.[41]
Jill Stein campaigned against requiring that students pass the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System tests to graduate high school and in support of clean air and bilingual education.[42][43]
Debates
In the debates, O'Brien attacked Romney repeatedly. He referred to her style as "unbecoming", which engendered criticism that he was insensitive to women.[2]
After being excluded from the first debate, Stein and Independent candidate Barbara Johnson sued the media organizers of the debate.[44] Middlesex Superior Court Judge Linda Giles ruled against Stein and Johnson, stating that the state's campaign finance laws do not apply to the press organizing political debates and that the invitations to Shannon O'Brien and Mitt Romney did not constitute a campaign contribution.[45]
Predictions
| Source | Ranking | As of |
|---|---|---|
| The Cook Political Report[46] | Tossup | October 31, 2002 |
| Sabato's Crystal Ball[47] | Lean D (flip) | November 4, 2002 |
Polling
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Shannon O'Brien (D) |
Mitt Romney (R) |
Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Herald[48] | February 27, 2002 | 32% | 38% | – |
| Boston Herald[49] | September 20, 2002 | 45% | 42% | – |
| Institute of Politics/NECN[50] | October 2–3, 2002 | 40% | 40% | – |
| RKM Research and Communications[51] | October 4, 2002 | 43% | 42% | – |
| Institute of Politics/NECN[50] | October 24–27, 2002 | 41% | 39% | 11% |
| Boston Herald[50] | October 29, 2002 | 44% | 38% | – |
| Boston Globe/WBZ[52] | November 1, 2002 | 41% | 40% | – |
with Jane Swift
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Jane Swift (R) | Shannon O'Brien (D) | Robert Reich (D) | Tom Birmingham (D) | Steve Grossman (D) | Warren Tolman (D) | Bill Galvin (D) | Marty Meehan (D) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Herald[53] | February 18, 2001 | 23% | – | – | – | – | – | – | 37% |
| 25% | – | – | – | 37% | – | ||||
| 25% | 37% | – | – | – | – | ||||
| 25% | – | 25% | – | – | – | ||||
| 25% | – | – | 26% | – | – | ||||
| Boston Globe[54] | January 27, 2002 | 21% | 39% | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 23% | – | – | 35% | – | – | – | |||
| 23% | – | 35% | – | – | – | – | |||
| 23% | – | – | – | – | – | 33% | |||
| 25% | – | – | – | 27% | – | – | |||
| 24% | – | – | – | – | 28% | – |
with Robert Reich
| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Robert Reich (D) | Mitt Romney (R) | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boston Herald[48] | February 27, 2002 | 31% | 40% | – |
Results
Romney and Healey were elected governor and lieutenant governor with 49.2 percent of the vote over O'Brien and Gabrieli, who received 44.4 percent.[55] Ten years later, Romney and Stein ran against each other in the 2012 U.S. presidential election, with both losing to incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama.
Romney performed strongly with Republicans and won many independents in the belt between Route 128 and I-495. He almost ran even with O'Brien in smaller working-class cities, and held down Democratic margins in large urban areas.[2][4] This was the fourth consecutive win for Republicans in the state gubernatorial contest.[8]
[56]| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Mitt Romney | 1,091,988 | 49.18% |  0.8%
| |
| Democratic | Shannon O'Brien | 985,981 | 44.40% | 2.2%
| |
| Green-Rainbow | Jill Stein | 76,530 | 3.44% | 3.44
| |
| Libertarian | Carla Howell | 23,044 | 1.04% | 0.64
| |
| Independent | Barbara Johnson | 15,335 | 0.69% | 0.70
| |
| Write-in | 1,301 | 0.07% | 0.05
| ||
| Blank | 26,122 | 1.17% | |||
| Total votes | 2,220,301 | 100.00 | + 4.04 | ||
| Republican hold | Swing | + 1.40 | |||
Results by county
| 2002 United States gubernatorial election in Massachusetts (by county) [56] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County | Romney - R % | Romney - R # | O'Brien - D % | O'Brien - D # | Others % | Others # | Total # |
| Barnstable | 55.9% | 57,466 | 38.5% | 39,640 | 5.6% | 5,734 | 102,840 |
| Berkshire | 31.6% | 13,897 | 61.4% | 26,963 | 7.0% | 3,059 | 43,919 |
| Bristol | 44.5% | 71,189 | 50.2% | 80,275 | 5.3% | 8,525 | 159,989 |
| Dukes | 39.8% | 2,815 | 52.1% | 3,688 | 8.0% | 569 | 7,072 |
| Essex | 54.9% | 141,932 | 39.0% | 100,798 | 6.2% | 15,988 | 258,718 |
| Franklin | 35.4% | 9,381 | 54.5% | 14,438 | 10.0% | 2,653 | 26,472 |
| Hampden | 48.2% | 66,114 | 46.2% | 63,470 | 5.6% | 7,696 | 137,280 |
| Hampshire | 33.4% | 18,358 | 58.6% | 32,229 | 8.1% | 4,456 | 55,043 |
| Middlesex | 48.9% | 267,579 | 44.2% | 241,934 | 7.0% | 38,152 | 547,665 |
| Nantucket | 49.7% | 1,974 | 44.0% | 1,746 | 6.3% | 248 | 3,968 |
| Norfolk | 52.9% | 140,440 | 41.5% | 110,198 | 5.5% | 14,691 | 265,329 |
| Plymouth | 57.1% | 100,029 | 37.7% | 65,978 | 5.2% | 9,189 | 175,196 |
| Suffolk | 33.7% | 60,623 | 58.4% | 105,280 | 7.9% | 14,246 | 180,149 |
| Worcester | 54.7% | 140,191 | 38.7% | 99,344 | 6.6% | 16,910 | 256,445 |
Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
- Bristol (largest municipality: New Bedford)
- Berkshire (largest municipality: Pittsfield)
See also
- Massachusetts general election, 2002
- Governorship of Mitt Romney
- 2001–2002 Massachusetts legislature
References
- ^ "Our Campaigns - MA Governor Race - Nov 05, 2002". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2004). The Almanac of American Politics 2004 (paperback). Washington: National Journal Group. pp. 772–773. ISBN 0-89234-106-8.
- ^ Associated Press. "Massachusetts's first female governor takes office, under heavy statewide scrutiny" Archived 2008-02-20 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Texan, April 11, 2001. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Mooney, Brian (June 29, 2007). "The Making of Mitt Romney: Part 6: Taking office, remaining an outsider". The Boston Globe.
- ^ Frank, Mitch."Jane Swift Takes One For the Team:The Massachusetts GOP took a risk by choosing Mitt Romney over the more progressive Swift. Will their decision come back to haunt them?" Archived 2003-04-06 at the Wayback Machine Time Magazine, March 21, 2002. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Berwick Jr., Bob and Roch, Lisa Riley. "Boston GOP beseeching Mitt: But hero of S.L. Games is coy about his future" Archived 2008-12-23 at the Wayback Machine Deseret News, February 22, 2002. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
- ^ a b "Swift exits, Romney joins Mass. governor's race"Archived 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine, CNN, March 19, 2002. Retrieved October 30, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Vote 2002: Massachusetts Governor's Race" Archived 2003-06-25 at the Wayback Machine PBS Online News Hour (No Date). Retrieved November 1, 2006.
- ^ "Boston Herald".
- ^ Frank Phillips; Stephanie Ebbert (April 3, 2002). "GOP'S No. 2 Race Takes a Twist". Boston Globe.
- ^ Fenn, Jennifer (April 4, 2002). "Some in GOP miffed at Mitt". The Sun.
- ^ a b Silberman, Ellen J. (September 21, 2001). "ProQuest Archiver: Titles". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- ^ Guarino, David R. (November 24, 2001). "Credit cut; Registry KOs popular charge card service". Boston Herald.
- ^ a b Holmes, Rick (January 9, 2002). "Turnpike hearings deserve open road". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ Battenfeld, Joe (September 7, 2001). "Rappaport could torpedo Swift bid to control GOP". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ Anderson, Lisa (February 12, 2002). "Massachusetts savors prospect of hot primary". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ Wu, Janet (January 2002). "Swift Names Guerriero As Running Mate". WCVB Boston. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012.
- ^ "Romney taps Healey as his running mate". Worcester Telegram & Gazette. April 4, 2002.
- ^ Tutalo, Frank (April 4, 2002). "Healey's candidacy, Guerriero's withdrawal, shake up Lt. Governor's race". Harvard Hillside.
- ^ Keane, Jr., Thomas M. (June 7, 2002). "Convention system misses on all fronts". Boston Herald.
- ^ Johnson, Glen (May 15, 2001). "Prospective Candidates Walk a Fine Line on Moakley Seat". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ "The 9th: Are we there yet?". Boston Herald. July 7, 2001. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
- ^ "Former Presidents Entering Fray". WCVB-TV Boston. Hearst Television, Inc. Archived from the original on December 26, 2002. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Bilingual ed produces stark divide". Worcester Telegram & Gazette. October 6, 2002.
- ^ Williams, Eric (October 31, 2002). "Political spoiler?". Cape Cod Times.
- ^ a b c Butterfield, Fox (June 8, 2002). "Republican's Candidacy Is Challenged By Democrats". The New York Times.
- ^ Massachusetts Ballot Law Commission Decision (June 25, 2002) via Scribd (another copy is available from the CNN content delivery network).
- ^ Mcelhenny, John (Associated Press)"Romney defends right to run for governor" Portsmouth Herald, Tuesday, June 18, 2002. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
- ^ Osnos, Evan (June 25, 2002). "Mass. board confirms GOP gubernatorial candidate's residency". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013.
- ^ Belluck, Pam. "Massachusetts Ballot Panel Allows Race By Republican" The New York Times (Page A-17), June 26, 2002.
- ^ Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2004, p. 772.
- ^ Killough, Ashley (December 13, 2011). "Democrats rail against Romney over decade-old comments". CNN. Archived from the original on December 14, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2012. See "Romney in 2002: I'm 'Moderate,' 'Progressive,' and 'Not a Partisan Republican' [VIDEO]" for video.
- ^ Kessler, Glenn (January 20, 2012), "Fact checking the CNN debate in Charleston", The Washington Post, retrieved January 23, 2012
- ^ Cillizza, Chris (July 5, 2007). "Romney's Data Cruncher". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b c d Bayles, Fred (October 16, 2002). "Romney may be losing his touch in Mass". USA Today.
- ^ Karl, Jonathan (March 2, 2012). "In '02 Romney touted D.C. connections, federal funds". ABC News.
- ^ Isikoff, Michael (February 18, 2012). "Salt Lake City Olympics Earmarks a Double-Edged Sword for Romney". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012.
- ^ a b Klein, Rick (September 26, 2002). "New Ads, 'Work Days' Show Down-to-Earth Candidate". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 15, 2016. Also available as "Mitt takes his shirt off as campaign heats up", Deseret News, September 27, 2002.
- ^ a b c d Miga, Andrew (April 5, 2012). "Don't expect a warm and fuzzy Romney this fall". The Post and Courier. Associated Press.
- ^ "Gabrieli surpasses spending record" Brian C. Mooney Boston Globe; August 22, 2006. Retrieved November 20, 2006.
- ^ Bunker, Ted (November 11, 2002). "Donor cash still floods campaigns". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012.
- ^ McConville, Christine (October 13, 2002). "Green Party Line Colors Governor's Race Debate". Boston Globe.
- ^ Gitell, Seth (October 10, 2002). "Jill Stein won the debate". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on February 28, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Candidates Sue Media Consortium Over Debate Exclusion". WCVB-TV Boston. Hearst Stations Inc. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ Marantz, Steve (October 2, 2002). "Judge keeps third party candidates on sideline". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Governor Updated October 31, 2002 | The Cook Political Report". The Cook Political Report. October 31, 2002. Archived from the original on December 8, 2002. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ "Governors Races". www.centerforpolitics.org. November 4, 2002. Archived from the original on December 12, 2002. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
- ^ a b "Archives: Boston Herald". July 25, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2024.
- ^ "Candidates Hold Rallies After Poll Shows Close Race - Politics News Story - WCVB Boston". March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ a b c "Poll Says Governor's Race Is Dead Heat | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com.
- ^ "The Deseret News - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com.
- ^ "O'Brien, Romney Tied In Latest Poll - Politics News Story - WCVB Boston". March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ^ Boston Herald Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Boston Globe Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "2002 Election Results, Governor" CNN.com. Retrieved November 1, 2006.
- ^ a b "PD43+ » Search Elections".
External links
- "Massachusetts 2002 Election Statewide Results" from Elections Division
Campaign sites
- "Barbara Johnson campaign site". Archived from the original on November 6, 2002. Retrieved April 25, 2006.
- "Carla Howell campaign site (archive)". Archived from the original on December 8, 2004. Retrieved April 25, 2006.
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