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  1. World Encyclopedia
  2. Metabolic network - Wikipedia
Metabolic network - Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Set of biological pathways
icon
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Metabolic network" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
(January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

A metabolic network is the complete set of metabolic and physical processes that determine the physiological and biochemical properties of a cell. As such, these networks comprise the chemical reactions of metabolism, the metabolic pathways, as well as the regulatory interactions that guide these reactions.

With the sequencing of complete genomes, it is now possible to reconstruct the network of biochemical reactions in many organisms, from bacteria to human. Several of these networks are available online: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG),[1] EcoCyc,[2] BioCyc[3] and metaTIGER.[4] Metabolic networks are powerful tools for studying and modelling metabolism.


Metro-style map of major metabolic pathways
Carbon
fixation
Photo-
respiration
Pentose
phosphate
pathway
Citric
acid cycle
Glyoxylate
cycle
Urea
cycle
Fatty
acid
synthesis
Fatty
acid
elongation
Beta
oxidation
Peroxisomal
beta
oxidation


Glyco-
genolysis
Glyco-
genesis
Glyco-
lysis
Gluconeo-
genesis
Pyruvate
decarb-
oxylation
Fermentation
Keto-
lysis
Keto-
genesis
feeders to
gluconeo-
genesis
Direct / C4 / CAM
carbon intake
Light reaction
Oxidative
phosphorylation
Amino acid
deamination
Citrate
shuttle
Lipogenesis
Lipolysis
Steroidogenesis
MVA pathway
MEP pathway
Shikimate
pathway
Transcription &
replication
Translation
Proteolysis
Glycosyl-
ation


Sugar
acids
Double/multiple
sugars
& glycans
Simple
sugars
Inositol-P
Amino sugars
& sialic acids
Nucleotide sugars
Hexose-P
Triose-P
Glycerol
P-glycerates
Pentose-P
Tetrose-P
Propionyl
-CoA
Succinate
Acetyl
-CoA
Pentose-P
P-glycerates
Glyoxylate
Photosystems
Pyruvate
Lactate
Acetyl
-CoA
Citrate
Oxalo-
acetate
Malate
Succinyl
-CoA
α-Keto-
glutarate
Ketone
bodies
Respiratory
chain
Serine group
Alanine
Branched-chain
amino acids
Aspartate
group
Homoserine
group

& lysine
Glutamate
group

& proline
Arginine
Creatine
& polyamines
Ketogenic &
glucogenic
amino acids
Amino acids
Shikimate
Aromatic amino
acids
& histidine
Ascorbate
(vitamin C)
δ-ALA
Bile
pigments
Hemes
Cobalamins (vitamin B12)
Various
vitamin Bs
Calciferols
(vitamin D)
Retinoids
(vitamin A)
Quinones (vitamin K)
& tocopherols (vitamin E)
Cofactors
Vitamins
& minerals
Antioxidants
PRPP
Nucleotides
Nucleic
acids
Proteins
Glycoproteins
& proteoglycans
Chlorophylls
MEP
MVA
Acetyl
-CoA
Polyketides
Terpenoid
backbones
Terpenoids
& carotenoids (vitamin A)
Cholesterol
Bile acids
Glycero-
phospholipids
Glycerolipids
Acyl-CoA
Fatty
acids
Glyco-
sphingolipids
Sphingolipids
Waxes
Polyunsaturated
fatty acids
Neurotransmitters
& thyroid hormones
Steroids
Endo-
cannabinoids
Eicosanoids
The image above contains clickable links
Major metabolic pathways in metro-style map. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes). Orange nodes: carbohydrate metabolism. Violet nodes: photosynthesis. Red nodes: cellular respiration. Pink nodes: cell signaling. Blue nodes: amino acid metabolism. Grey nodes: vitamin and cofactor metabolism. Brown nodes: nucleotide and protein metabolism. Green nodes: lipid metabolism.

Uses

[edit]

Metabolic networks can be used to detect comorbidity patterns in diseased patients.[5] Certain diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, can be present in the same individual concurrently, sometimes one disease being a significant risk factor for the other disease.[6] The disease phenotypes themselves are normally the consequence of the cell's inability to breakdown or produce an essential substrate. However, an enzyme defect at one reaction may affect the fluxes of other subsequent reactions. These cascading effects couple the metabolic diseases associated with subsequent reactions resulting in comorbidity effects. Thus, metabolic disease networks can be used to determine if two disorders are connected due to their correlated reactions.[5]

See also

[edit]
  • Cellular model
  • Metabolic network modelling
  • Metabolic pathway

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "GenomeNet". www.genome.ad.jp. Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  2. ^ "EcoCyc: Encyclopedia of E. coli Genes and Metabolic Pathways". www.ecocyc.org.
  3. ^ "BioCyc Pathway/Genome Database Collection". biocyc.org.
  4. ^ "metaTIGER - Home". www.bioinformatics.leeds.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  5. ^ a b Lee, D.- S.; Park, J.; Kay, K. A.; Christakis, N. A.; Oltvai, Z. N.; Barabasi, A.- L. (2008). "The implications of human metabolic network topology for disease comorbidity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (29): 9880–9885. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802208105. PMC 2481357. PMID 18599447.
  6. ^ Ross, R.; Dagnone, D.; Jones, P. J.; Smith, H.; Paddags, A.; Hudson, R.; Janssen, I. (2000). "Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 133 (2): 92–103. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00008. PMID 10896648. S2CID 13415272.
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Metabolism, catabolism, anabolism
General
  • Metabolic pathway
  • Metabolic network
  • Primary nutritional groups
Energy
metabolism
Aerobic respiration
  • Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + ATP synthase)
Anaerobic respiration
  • Electron acceptors other than oxygen
Fermentation
  • Glycolysis → Substrate-level phosphorylation
    • ABE
    • Ethanol
    • Lactic acid
Specific
paths
Protein metabolism
  • Protein synthesis
  • Catabolism (protein→peptide→amino acid)
Amino acid
  • Amino acid synthesis
  • Amino acid degradation (amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
  • Urea cycle
Nucleotide
metabolism
  • Purine metabolism
  • Nucleotide salvage
  • Pyrimidine metabolism
  • Purine nucleotide cycle
Carbohydrate metabolism
(carbohydrate catabolism
and anabolism)
Human
  • Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis
  • Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis
  • Pentose phosphate pathway
  • Fructolysis
    • Polyol pathway
  • Galactolysis
    • Leloir pathway
  • Glycosylation
    • N-linked
    • O-linked
Nonhuman
  • Photosynthesis
  • Anoxygenic photosynthesis
  • Chemosynthesis
  • Carbon fixation
  • DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
  • Entner-Doudoroff pathway
  • Radiosynthesis
  • Xylose metabolism
Lipid metabolism
(lipolysis, lipogenesis)
Fatty acid metabolism
  • Fatty acid degradation (Beta oxidation)
  • Fatty acid synthesis
Other
  • Steroid metabolism
  • Sphingolipid metabolism
  • Eicosanoid metabolism
  • Ketosis
  • Reverse cholesterol transport
Other
  • Metal metabolism
    • Iron metabolism
  • Ethanol metabolism
  • Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
  • Chlororespiration


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