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Danainae - Wikipedia

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(Redirected from Milkweed butterfly)

Danainae

Three milkweed butterflies. Clockwise from left: dark blue tiger (Tirumala septentrionis), striped blue crow (Euploea mulciber), and common tiger (Danaus genutia)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Subfamily:	Danainae
Tribes
Danaini Tellervini Ithomiini but see text
Synonyms
Danaidae

Danainae is a subfamily of the family Nymphalidae, the brush-footed butterflies. It includes the Daniadae, or milkweed butterflies, who lay their eggs on various milkweeds on which their larvae (caterpillars) feed, as well as the clearwing butterflies (Ithomiini), and the tellervini.^[1]

Some 300 species of Danainae exist worldwide. Most of the Danaini are found in tropical Asia and Africa, while the Ithomiini are diverse in the Neotropics. Tellervini are restricted to Australia and the Oriental region. Four species are found in North America: the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), the queen (Danaus gilippus), the tropical milkweed butterfly (Lycorea cleobaea), and the soldier butterfly (or "tropic queen", Danaus eresimus). Of these, the monarch is by far the most famous, being one of the most recognizable butterflies in the Americas.

Taxonomy

Milkweed butterflies are now classified as the subfamily Danainae within the family Nymphalidae; however, the previous family name Danaidae is still occasionally used.^[2] The fossil milkweed butterfly Archaeolycorea is known from the Oligocene or Miocene Tremembé Formation of Brazil. It provides evidence that the present milkweed butterflies originated more than 20–30 million years ago.^{[citation needed]}

Characteristics

Larvae have thoracic tubercles and use plants within the family Apocynaceae that often contain latex-like compounds in the stem as hosts. Adults are aposematic (brightly colored as a warning signal).^[1]

Threats

Numerous wasps and tachinid flies are parasitoids of milkweed butterfly caterpillars.^[3]

The extensive modification of landscapes in the United States and Canada, large-scale use of pesticides, and increased deforestation in Mexico threaten the migratory monarch butterfly.^[4]

Loss of native plants, such as milkweed species, contributes to the declined population of the migratory monarch butterfly.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b "Danainae".
^ Ackery, P. R.; Vane-Wright, R. I. (1984). Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology: being an account of the natural history of the Danainae, subfamily of the Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae. British Museum (Natural History), London. p. 17. ISBN 0-565-00893-5.
^ Clarke, A.R.; Zalucki, M.P. (2001). "Taeniogonalos raymenti Carmean & Kimsey (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae) reared as a hyperparasite of Sturmia convergens (Weidemann) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a primary parasite of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)". Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 77 (?): 68–70.
^ ^a ^b "Monarch Butterfly". National Wildlife Federation. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2015.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Danainae.

"Danainae Boisduval, [1833]" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

Taxon identifiers
Danainae	Wikidata: Q427688 Wikispecies: Danainae AFD: Danainae BioLib: 51806 BugGuide: 12668 CoL: 93MTB Fauna Europaea: 441569 Fauna Europaea (new): 3b9595d4-4742-40ed-b3a7-12863c0291fd iNaturalist: 61244 ITIS: 694025 NBN: NHMSYS0000502088 NCBI: 127218 NZOR: 579e2601-f3e7-47cb-8e80-706b05823321 Open Tree of Life: 956921 Paleobiology Database: 245000

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Taxonomy

Characteristics

Threats

References

Further reading

External links