Ensiklopedia Dunia

Technopedia Center

Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science
S1 Informatics S1 Information Systems S1 Information Technology S1 Computer Engineering S1 Electrical Engineering S1 Civil Engineering

faculty of Economics and Business
S1 Management S1 Accountancy

Faculty of Letters and Educational Sciences
S1 English literature S1 English language education S1 Mathematics education S1 Sports Education

Harbor - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Natural harbor)

Montevideo's natural harbor is clearly seen from above.

A harbor (American English), or harbour (Australian English, British English, Canadian English, Irish English, New Zealand English; see spelling differences), is a sheltered body of water where ships, boats, and barges can be moored. The term harbor is often used interchangeably with port, which is a man-made facility built for loading and unloading vessels and dropping off and picking up passengers. Harbors usually include one or more ports. Alexandria Port in Egypt, meanwhile, is an example of a port with two harbors.

Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jetties or they can be constructed by dredging, which requires maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of an artificial harbor is Long Beach Harbor, California, United States, which was an array of salt marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century.^[1] In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by land. Examples of natural harbors include Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia, Halifax Harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka.

Artificial harbors

Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf, on the Red Sea coast, which is at least 4500 years old (ca. 2600–2550 BCE, reign of King Khufu). The largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai.^[2] Other large and busy artificial harbors include:

Port of Houston, Texas, United States
Port of Long Beach, California, United States
Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro, California, United States
Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands
Port of Savannah, Georgia, United States

The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons.

Natural harbors

A natural harbor is a landform where a section of a body of water is protected and deep enough to allow anchorage. Many such harbors are rias. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. Some examples are:

Bali Strait, Indonesia
Berehaven Harbour, Ireland
Balikpapan Bay in East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Mumbai in Maharashtra, India
Boston Harbor in Massachusetts, United States
Burrard Inlet in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Chittagong in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh
Cork Harbour, Ireland
Grand Harbour, Malta
Guantánamo Bay, Cuba
Gulf of Paria, Trinidad and Tobago
Haifa Bay, in Haifa, Israel
Halifax Harbour in Nova Scotia, Canada
Hamilton Harbour in Ontario, Canada
Killybegs in County Donegal, Ireland
Kingston Harbour, Jamaica
Mahón harbour, in Menorca, Spain
Marsamxett Harbour, Malta
Milford Haven in Wales, United Kingdom
New York Harbor in the United States
Pago Pago Harbor in American Samoa
Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, United States
Poole Harbour in England, United Kingdom
Port Hercules, Monaco
Sydney Harbour in New South Wales, Australia, technically a ria
Port Stephens in Australia
Tanjung Perak in Surabaya, Indonesia
Port of Tobruk in Tobruk, Libya
Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania, United States
Prince William Sound in Alaska, United States
Puget Sound in Washington state, United States
Rías Altas and Rías Baixas in Galicia, Spain
Roadstead of Brest in Brittany, France
San Francisco Bay in California, United States
Scapa Flow in Scotland, United Kingdom
Sept-Îles in Côte-Nord, Quebec, Canada
Shelburne in Nova Scotia, Canada
Subic Bay in Zambales, Philippines
Tallinn Bay in Tallinn, Estonia
Tampa Bay in Florida, United States
Trincomalee Harbour, Sri Lanka
Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu, India
Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong
Visakhapatnam Harbour, India
Vizhinjam in Trivandrum, India
Waitematā Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand
Manukau Harbour in Auckland, New Zealand
Wellington Harbour in Wellington, New Zealand
Port Foster in Deception Island, Antarctica

Ice-free harbors

For harbors near the North and South poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round. Examples of these are:

Hammerfest, Norway
Liinakhamari, Russia
Murmansk, Russia
Nakhodka in Nakhodka Bay, Russia
Pechenga, Russia
Prince Rupert, Canada
Valdez, United States
Vardø, Norway
Vostochny Port, Russia

The world's southernmost harbor, located at Antarctica's Winter Quarters Bay (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions.^[3]

Important harbors

The tiny harbor at the village of Clovelly, Devon, England

Although the world's busiest port is a contested title, in 2017 the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage was the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan.^[7]

The following are large natural harbors:

Algeciras, Spain
Amsterdam, Port of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Antwerp, Port of Antwerp, Belgium
Baltimore's Inner Harbor, Maryland, United States
Botwood, Newfoundland, Canada
Bremerhaven, Germany
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Busan, South Korea
Calabar, Nigeria
Cartagena, Colombia
Charleston, South Carolina, United States
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Cochin Port, Kochi, Kerala, India
Port of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Dnipro, Ukraine
Durban, South Africa
Falmouth, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
Freetown Harbour, Sierra Leone
Golden Horn, Istanbul, Turkey
Gothenburg, Sweden
Gwangyang, South Korea
Hai Phong Port, Haiphong, Vietnam
Haifa, Israel
Hakodate, Japan
Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada
Hamburg Harbour, Germany
Hampton Roads, Norfolk, Virginia, United States
Havana Harbor
Helsinki, Finland
Incheon, South Korea
İzmir, Turkey
Port of Jakarta (Tanjung Priok), Jakarta, Indonesia
Kaliningrad, Russia
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Kerch and Port Krym to Port Kavkaz, Russia
Kyiv, Ukraine
Kingston, Jamaica
Kobe Harbour, Kobe, Japan
Port of Kolkata, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Port of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Lushunkou, Dalian, China
Mahón, Menorca, Spain
Manila Bay, Philippines
Maputo, Mozambique
Milford Haven, Wales, United Kingdom
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Montevideo, Uruguay
Mumbai, India
Nassau, Bahamas
New York Harbor, United States
Mykolaiv, Ukraine
Novorossiysk and Anapa, Russia
Odesa, Ukraine
Osaka, Japan
Oslofjord and Oslo, Norway
Pärnu, Estonia
Plymouth Sound, Devon, England, United Kingdom
Port of Portland, Casco Bay, Maine, United States
Port of Sevastopol, Sevastopol, Crimea
Port Phillip, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Provincetown Harbor, Provincetown, Massachusetts, United States
Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Bay, Brazil
Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Rotterdam, Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands
Salvador, All Saint's Bay, Brazil
San Antonio, Chile
San Diego Bay, San Diego, California, United States
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Sochi and Adlersky City District, Russia
Stockholm, Sweden
Tallinn, Estonia
Tanger-Med, Tangier, Morocco
Tanjung Perak, Surabaya, Indonesia
Tauranga Harbour, Tauranga, New Zealand
Tokyo Bay, Tokyo, Japan
Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
Port of Tyne, Tyne & Wear, United Kingdom
Ulsan, South Korea
Victoria & Esquimalt Harbours, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Victoria Harbour (Hong Kong)
Vizhinjam in Trivandrum, India
Vladivostok, Russia
Vyborg, Russia
Willemstad, Curaçao
Wellington Harbour, New Zealand
Yevpatoria, Ukraine
Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

Notes

^ "Geology 303 Ch 8 Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors". Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
^ Hattendorf, John B. (2007), The Oxford encyclopedia of maritime history, Oxford University Press, p. 590, ISBN 978-0-19-513075-1
^ U.S. Polar Programs Archived 2021-10-11 at the Wayback Machine National Science Foundation FY2000.
^ "Circuit Guide | Punta del Este, Uruguay". FIA Formula E. Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
^ "Formula E reveals circuit for Punta del Este ePrix". FIA Formula E. 2014-06-20. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
^ "Formula E unveils Punta del Este circuit in Uruguay". autosport.com. 2014-06-20. Archived from the original on 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2014-08-24.
^ "Global Port Development Annual Report (2017)". Archived from the original on 2021-01-08. Retrieved 2021-10-29.

External links

Media related to Harbours at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of harbor at Wiktionary
Harbor Maintenance Finance and Funding Congressional Research Service
"Harbor" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

v t e Ports and harbors
Types	Home port Fuelling station Inland harbor Inland port Landing Outport Port of entry Trust port Dry port Anchorage Wharf Naval base
Rankings	World's busiest port Busiest container ports Busiest by tonnage Busiest by cruise passengers Countries by container port traffic
Locations	Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific Southern
Port management	Maritime transport Port authority Port state control Harbour engineer Port operator Security Port operations simulator Terminal Operating System
Conventions	SOLAS MARPOL 73/78 STCW Ballast Water Management Convention
Transport portal Category Commons Wiktionary "Port" Wiktionary "Harbor" WikiProject

Categories:

Hidden categories: