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  2. Outline of the C programming language
Outline of the C programming language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Programming language
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Find sources: "Outline of the C programming language" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to C:

C is a general-purpose programming language, procedural programming language, compiled language, and statically typed programming language. It was created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs as a successor to the B programming language.[1]

What type of language is C?

[edit]

C can be described as all of the following:

  • Programming language — artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.
  • Compiled language — language implemented through compilers rather than interpreters
  • Procedural programming language — programming paradigm based on the concept of procedure calls
  • General-purpose programming language — designed for writing software in a wide variety of application domains
  • Statically typed programming language — type checking is performed at compile-time[2][3]

History of C

[edit]
  • B programming language — precursor to C [4]
  • K&R C — early version described by Kernighan and Ritchie
  • ANSI C / ISO C standards:[5]
    • C89/C90
    • C99
    • C11
    • C17
    • C23 — current standard[6]

General C concepts

[edit]
See also: C syntax
  • Callback[7]
  • Control flow[8][9]
  • Pointers
  • Dynamic memory allocation
  • Data types
  • Enumeration[10]
  • File input/output
  • Functions[11]
  • Header files
  • Memory management
  • Operators
  • Preprocessor directives
  • Recursion[12]
  • Standard streams
  • Static variables[13]
  • String handling
  • Structs
  • Type conversion
  • Undefined behavior
  • Unions
  • Variables[14]

Issues / Limitations

[edit]
  • Constructs that behave differently in C and C++
  • Cyber security[15]
  • Undefined behavior

C Toolchain

[edit]
See also: List of C software and tools
This article is part of a series on the
C programming language
The logo of C programming language
C libraries and tools
  • Adns
  • ALSA
  • Allegro
  • APR
  • Argon2
  • Assimp
  • bdwgc
  • Berkeley DB
  • BFD
  • BGI
  • BSAFE
  • Chipmunk
  • C POSIX library
  • C standard library
  • Cairo
  • CGNS
  • CLIPS
  • Core Audio
  • Core Foundation
  • Core Image
  • Core Text
  • Cryptlib
  • cURL
  • DevIL
  • DirectFB
  • Dld
  • Expat
  • FFmpeg
  • Fontconfig
  • FreeTDS
  • FreeType
  • GD Graphics Library
  • GDK
  • GEGL
  • GGI
  • GIO
  • GLib
  • glibc
  • GLFW
  • GNet
  • GNU Libtool
  • GNU portability library
  • GNU Portable Threads
  • GNU Readline
  • GnuTLS
  • GObject
  • GTK Scene Graph Kit
  • GTK
  • HDF
  • Intel IPP
  • IUP
  • J2K-Codec
  • JasPer
  • LDAP API
  • LZO
  • Liba52
  • Libaf
  • Libao2
  • libarchive
  • Libart
  • Libass
  • Libavcodec
  • Libavdevice
  • Libavfilter
  • Libavformat
  • Libpcap
  • Libdca
  • Libdvdcss
  • libevent
  • libffi
  • Libgegl
  • libgcrypt
  • Libgimp
  • Libhybris
  • Libinput
  • libjpeg
  • libLAS
  • Libmpcodecs
  • Libmpdemux
  • libpng
  • Libpostproc
  • libpq
  • LibreSSL
  • Librsb
  • Librsvg
  • libsndfile
  • libsodium
  • Libswscale
  • LibTIFF
  • Libusb
  • libuv
  • LibVLC
  • LibVNCServer
  • Libvpx
  • Libwww
  • libxml2
  • Libxslt
  • libzip
  • LMDB
  • LittleCMS
  • LZ4
  • LZFSE
  • MatrixSSL
  • Mbed TLS
  • MediaLib
  • Mesa
  • Microwindows
  • Ming
  • Mongoose
  • Mpg123
  • MPIR
  • MsQuic
  • MuJoCo
  • Mustache
  • Ncurses
  • Nettle
  • Newt
  • Netpbm
  • Nghttp2
  • Nrrd
  • Oniguruma
  • OpenCL
  • OpenCV
  • OpenGL
  • OpenGL Utility Library
  • OpenJPEG
  • OpenSSL
  • Pango
  • PCRE
  • PROJ
  • Quartz 2D
  • Raylib
  • Redland RDF
  • S2n-tls
  • Setcontext
  • SFML
  • SDL
  • SQLite
  • systemd
  • Tk
  • VDPAU
  • Vorbis
  • VTD-XML
  • Win32 API
  • Wimlib
  • Windows.h
  • WolfSSH
  • WolfSSL
  • X Toolkit Intrinsics
  • x264
  • XCB
  • Xft
  • Xlib
  • XMDF
  • XMLStarlet
  • zlib
  • Zopfli
  • Zstd
C IDEs
  • Anjuta
  • AppCode
  • C++Builder
  • CLion
  • Code::Blocks
  • CodeLite
  • Dev-C++
  • Eclipse CDT
  • Geany
  • KDevelop
  • LabWindows/CVI
  • Microsoft Visual Studio
  • MonoDevelop
  • NetBeans IDE
  • OpenWatcom
  • Oracle Solaris Studio
  • Pelles C IDE
  • Qt Creator
  • SlickEdit
  • Ultimate++
  • Understand
  • Visual Studio Code
  • Xcode
C compilers
  • Acorn C/C++
  • AMD Optimizing C/C++ Compiler
  • Amsterdam Compiler Kit
  • Aztec C
  • BDS C
  • Cc65
  • Ccache
  • Clang
  • CodeWarrior
  • Comeau C/C++
  • C++Builder
  • Csmith
  • Deep Blue C
  • Digital Mars
  • DJGPP
  • FpgaC
  • GNU Compiler Collection
  • HP aC++
  • IBM XL C/C++ Compilers
  • Intel C++ Compiler
  • LabWindows/CVI
  • Lattice C
  • LCC
  • Macintosh Programmer's Workshop
  • Megamax C
  • Microsoft Visual C++
  • MinGW
  • Mingw-w64
  • Norcroft C compiler
  • Open64
  • Oracle Developer Studio
  • PathScale
  • Portable C Compiler
  • The Portland Group
  • QuickC
  • ROSE
  • SAS/C
  • Small Device C Compiler
  • Small-C
  • TDM-GCC
  • TenDRA Compiler
  • THINK C
  • Tiny C Compiler
  • Turbo C
  • Vbcc
  • VisualAge
  • Watcom C/C++
  • Whitesmiths
  • Z88DK
  • Zig
C mathematical libraries
  • Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software
  • Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms
  • BLOPEX
  • C mathematical functions
  • Fastest Fourier Transform in the West
  • GNU MPFR
  • GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library
  • GNU Scientific Library
  • hypre
  • Integer set library
  • LAPACK
  • Libfixmath
  • Lis (linear algebra library)
  • LOBPCG
  • Math Kernel Library
  • Mathomatic
  • OpenBLAS
  • PARI/GP
  • ScaLAPACK
  • PETSc
  • SLEPc
  • UMFPACK
See also
  • C syntax
  • History of C
  • List of C programming books
  • List of C software and tools
  • List of C-family programming languages
  • List of free software programmed in C
  • Outline of the C programming language
  • icon Computer programming portal
  • C programming (Wikibooks)
  • v
  • t
  • e

C compilers

[edit]
See also: List of C compilers
  • GCC — GNU Compiler Collection
  • Clang — LLVM C compiler
  • MSVC — Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (supports C)
  • TinyCC
  • Turbo C

C libraries

[edit]
See also: List of open-source code libraries

C Standard Library

[edit]
Main article: C standard library

The C standard library provides fundamental routines for:[16]

  • Input/output (stdio.h)
  • String handling (string.h)
  • Mathematical computations (math.h)
  • Memory management (stdlib.h)
  • Time and date (time.h)

Other notable libraries

[edit]
  • GLib
  • SDL
  • GSL
  • libcurl
  • OpenSSL

Notable projects written in C

[edit]
  • CPython — the reference implementation of the Python programming language
  • Git — version control system
  • Linux kernel
  • Lua
  • PostgreSQL — relational database system
  • Redis — in-memory database
  • SQLite — embedded database engine
  • Unix — originally rewritten in C at Bell Labs
  • Vim
  • GNOME, MATE and Xfce — desktop environments
  • X window system and Wayland — windowing systems

Example source code

[edit]
  • Articles with example C code

C publications

[edit]

Books about C

[edit]
  • Andrew Koenig – C Traps and Pitfalls
  • Brian W. Kernighan – The C Programming Language
  • Guy L. Steele Jr. – C: A Reference Manual
  • Herbert Schildt – C, The Complete Reference
  • Peter van der Linden – Expert C Programming: Deep C Secrets

Magazines about C

[edit]
  • C/C++ Users Journal — (historical publication)

C programmers

[edit]
  • John Carmack – game programmer, known for Doom and Quake.
  • Brian Kernighan — wrote The C Programming Language book
  • Rob Pike – worked on Unix and Plan 9, contributed to C and its ecosystem.
  • Dennis Ritchie — created the C programming language
  • Richard Stallman – founder of the GNU Project
  • Tim Sweeney – founder of Epic Games and creator of Unreal Engine
  • Ken Thompson — Unix
  • Linus Torvalds — Linux

C dialects

[edit]
  • Cyclone — safe variant
  • Embedded C
  • GNU C — features specific to GCC
  • K&R C
  • Microsoft C — Microsoft-specific extensions
  • Objective-C — object-oriented extension of C

C learning resources

[edit]
See also: List of online integrated development environments
  • Codecademy – interactive C programming lessons
  • GeeksforGeeks – tutorials, coding examples, and interactive programming for C concepts and data structures
  • Learn-C.org – free interactive C tutorial for beginners
  • CProgramming.com Tutorial – tutorials, examples, and best practices for learning C[17]
  • W3Schools – beginner-friendly C tutorials
  • Wikibooks C Programming – free open-content textbook

Competitive programming

[edit]
  • Codeforces – an online platform for programming contests that supports C submissions
  • Codewars – gamified coding challenges
  • HackerRank – competitive programming and interview preparation site with C challenges
  • LeetCode – online judge and problem-solving platform

See also

[edit]
  • Compatibility of C and C++
  • List of software programming journals
  • List of C-family programming languages
  • Outline of computer programming
  • Outline of software
  • Outline of software engineering

Outlines of other programming languages

[edit]
  • Outline of the C sharp programming language
  • Outline of the C++ programming language
  • Outline of the Java programming language
  • Outline of the JavaScript programming language
  • Outline of the Perl programming language
  • Outline of the Python programming language
  • Outline of the Rust programming language

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Introduction to C". W3Schools.
  2. ^ "C Programming Language - FASRC DOCS". docs.rc.fas.harvard.edu. April 29, 2024.
  3. ^ "What is C (programming language)? | Definition from TechTarget". SearchWindows Server.
  4. ^ "USERS' REFERENCE TO B ON MH-TSS" (PDF). Nokia. 1973.
  5. ^ Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-110362-8.
  6. ^ "Standard in C". GeeksforGeeks. January 10, 2014.
  7. ^ "Callbacks in C". GeeksforGeeks. October 18, 2017.
  8. ^ "Control flow statements in Programming". GeeksforGeeks. March 4, 2024.
  9. ^ "C Control Flow Examples". www.programiz.com.
  10. ^ "Enumeration (or enum) in C". GeeksforGeeks. October 31, 2014.
  11. ^ "Functions in C". GeeksforGeeks. October 9, 2022.
  12. ^ "C/Recursion". www.cs.yale.edu.
  13. ^ "Static Variables in C". GeeksforGeeks. July 3, 2015.
  14. ^ "Integralist". www.integralist.co.uk.
  15. ^ "Security issues in C language". GeeksforGeeks. November 10, 2021.
  16. ^ "C Library Functions". GeeksforGeeks. July 18, 2021.
  17. ^ "C Programming Tutorial". cprogramming.com.

External links

[edit]
C programming language at Wikipedia's sister projects
  • Definitions from Wiktionary
  • Media from Commons
  • News from Wikinews
  • Quotations from Wikiquote
  • Texts from Wikisource
  • Textbooks from Wikibooks
  • Resources from Wikiversity
  • ISO C standard information
  • C reference on cppreference.com
  • v
  • t
  • e
C programming language
  • ANSI C
  • C99
  • C11
  • C17
  • C23
  • C2Y
  • Embedded C
  • MISRA C
Features
  • Functions
  • Header files
  • Operators
  • String
  • Syntax
  • Preprocessor
  • Data types
Standard library
  • Char
  • File I/O
  • Math
  • Dynamic memory
  • String
  • Time
  • Variadic
  • POSIX
Implementations
  • Bionic
    • libhybris
  • dietlibc
  • glibc
    • EGLIBC
  • klibc
  • Windows CRT
  • musl
  • Newlib
  • uClibc
Compilers
  • ACK
  • Borland Turbo C
  • Clang
  • Comeau C/C++
  • CompCert
  • GCC
  • IAR Embedded Workbench
  • ICC
  • LCC
  • Norcroft C
  • PCC
  • SDCC
  • TCC
  • Visual C++ (MSVC)
  • Watcom C/C++
IDEs
  • Anjuta
  • CLion
  • Code::Blocks
  • CodeLite
  • Eclipse
  • Geany
  • GNOME Builder
  • KDevelop
  • NetBeans
  • Visual Studio
Comparison with
other languages
  • Compatibility of C and C++
  • Comparison with Pascal
Descendant
languages
  • Alef
  • C++
  • C#
  • D
  • Objective-C
  • Go
  • Vala
  • Zig
Designer
  • Dennis Ritchie
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