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Oxlestes - Wikipedia

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Oxlestes Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 93 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Eutheria
Genus:	†Oxlestes Nessov et al., 1982
Type species
†Oxlestes grandis Nessov et al., 1982

Oxlestes is an extinct mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Asia, more specifically from the Cenomanian of Uzbekistan. A carnivorous species of uncertain affinities, it is notable for its relatively large size, being among the largest of all Mesozoic mammals.^[1]^[2] Due to the limited amount of material, it has been considered a nomen dubium.^[3]

Description

Oxlestes is currently a monotypic genus, containing a single species, O. grandis. Its specimens were recovered in the Cenomanian-aged Khodzhakul Formation of Uzbekistan. The holotype, CCMGE 6/11758, is composed of an axis vertebra, dentaries, canine teeth and a sagittal crest.^[2]

The axis is relatively narrow, with a long, pointed anterior process. There are two pairs of distinct foramina anterior and posterior to the dorsal transverse suture; modern placentals only bear one.^[3] It is about 1.9 centimeters long.^[1]

The dentaries are short and robust, with a convex central border. The masseteric fossa is deep, and the canine is long and deep. The skull has been suggested to be about 10 centimeters long;^[1] one axis and dentary comparison to zhelestids and rabbits would make it somewhat smaller at 7.5 centimeters, though this has since been contested.^[4]

Overall, the available proportions seem to indicate an animal comparable in size to the largest of modern mustelids and mid-sized felines.^[1]

Classification

Oxlestes was initially referred to Palaeoryctidae, a eutherian family, based on comparisons with several other Cretaceous eutherians like Zalambdalestes, Barunlestes and Asioryctes (none of which considered to be palaeoryctids anymore; Palaeoryctidae as a whole may be invalid).^[1] Posterior efforts have cautiously referred it to the metatherian clade Deltatheroida,^[2]^[5] mostly based on size and its carnivorous speciations, but recent studies have shown no evidence of specifically deltatheroidean or even metatherian characters.^[3]^[6]^[7]^[8] Averinov and Archibald et al. 2005 referred it to the eutherian clade Zhelestidae, suggesting a close relation to Sheikhdzheilia^[3] though this too is not entirely certain.^[9]

Ecology

Oxlestes was among the largest mammals of the Mesozoic, being comparable in size to modern mammalian predators such as wolverines and mid-sized cats. Its deep sagittal crest and masseteric fossae are indicative of powerful jaw musculature, and it possessed deep canines, both characteristics of predatory mammals. Some of these are shared with the contemporary deltatheroidean mammals, to which it could be related.^[1]^[2] If Oxlestes was a zhelestid, it would set a precedent in an otherwise herbivorous clade.^[10]

It is larger than some contemporary dinosaur species. Some researchers have even suggested that it could have predated on the local small ceratopsians such as Asiaceratops.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f L. A. Nessov. 1982. Drevneishie mlekopitaiushchie SSSR [Ancient mammals of the USSR]. Palyentologicheskogo Obshchyestva 25:228-243
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska; Richard L. Cifelli; Zhe-Xi Luo (2004). "Chapter 12: Metatherians". Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 425–262. ISBN 0-231-11918-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Averianov, A.; Archibald, J.D. (2005). "Mammals from the mid-Cretaceous Khodzhakul Formation, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 26 (4): 593–608. Bibcode:2005CrRes..26..593A. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.03.007.
^ Alexander O. Averianov, J. David Archibald & Eric G. Ekdale, New material of the Late Cretaceous deltatheroidan mammal Sulestes from Uzbekistan and phylogenetic reassessment of the metatherian-eutherian dichotomy, doi:10.1080/14772011003603499
^ Khuduklestes Nessov, Sigogneau-Russell & Russe, 1994
^ S. Bi, X. Jin, S. Li and T. Du. 2015. A new Cretaceous metatherian mammal from Henan, China. PeerJ 3:e896
^ Guillermo Rougier, New specimen of Deltatheroides cretacicus (Metatheria, Deltatheroida) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia, BULLETIN OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 36(DEC 2004):245-266 · SEPTEMBER 2009
^ Guillermo W. Rougier; Brian M. Davis; Michael J. Novacek (2015). "A deltatheroidan mammal from the Upper Cretaceous Baynshiree Formation, eastern Mongolia". Cretaceous Research. 52, Part A: 167–177. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.09.009.
^ J. DAVID ARCHIBALD and ALEXANDER AVERIANOV, Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria), Version of Record online: 25 JAN 2012 doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00771.x
^ ^a ^b Michael J. Benton, Mikhail A. Shishkin, David M. Unwin, The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge University Press, 04/12/2003 - 740 páginas

Eutheria

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Subclass: Theria

Synapsida

- see Synapsida

Cynodontia

- see Cynodontia

Mammalia

see Mammalia
Eutheria	see below↓

Eutheria

Ferrequitherium
Horolodectes

†Leptictida

Gypsonictopidae	Gypsonictops Sikuomys
Pseudorhyncocyonidae	Diaphyodectes Leptictidium Phakodon Pseudorhyncocyon
Leptictidae	Amphigyion Blacktops Gallolestes Ictopidium Labes Lainodon Leptictis Leptonysson Megaleptictis Myrmecoboides Ongghonia Palaeictops Praolestes Prodiacodon Protictops Wania

†Palaeoryctidae

†Pantolesta

Paroxyclaenidae	Dulcidon Euhookeria Fratrodon Kiinkerishella Kopidodon Merialus Paraspaniella Paroxyclaenus Pugiodens Sororodon Spaniella Vulpavoides
Pantolestidae	Amaramnis Aphronorus Bessoecetor Bisonalveus Bogdia Bouffinomus Buxolestes Chadronia Coriphagus Cryptopithecus Dyspterna Galethylax Gobipithecus Kochictis Oboia Pagonomus Palaeosinopa Pantolestes Pentacodon Thelysia Todralestes

†Taeniodonta

Schowalteria
Conoryctidae	Conoryctella Conoryctes Huerfanodon
Onychodectidae	Onychodectes
Stylinodontidae	Ectoganus Psittacotherium Stylinodon Wortmania

†Tillodontia

†Zalambdalestidae

†Zhelestidae

†Pantodonta

- see Pantodonta

Placentalia

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