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Pala (Anatolia) - Wikipedia

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Pala

Unknown–at the latest 1178 BC

The location of Pala in Northern Bronze Age Anatolia

Capital

Unknown

Common languages

Palaic

Religion

Palaic religion

Historical era

Bronze Age

• Established

Unknown

• Disestablished

at the latest 1178 BC

Preceded by

Succeeded by

Hattians

Paphlagonia

Today part of

Turkey

Pala (Cuneiform: pa-la-a)^[1] was a Bronze Age country in Northern Anatolia. Little is known of Pala except its native Palaic language and its native religion. Their language shared common innovations with Luwian not present in the Hittite language suggesting a prior Luwian-Palaic linguistic complex.^[2]

Location

Pala is said to have been bordered by Tummana to the east, Kalasma to the west and Kaissiya to Mount Asharpaya toward the south.^[3] The country named *Bla leading to Blaene in cuneiform script was written as pa-la-a.^[1] The country of Pala may have been located along the Black Sea coast, either in the region known as Paphlagonia in classical antiquity or the much smaller territory of Blaene located within,^{[citation needed]} though it has been alternately located near modern-day Sivas as well.^[4] Bryce believed it was situated 600 km to the east of ancient Troy.^[5]

History

In the Old Hittite period Pala was mentioned as an administrative area under Hittite jurisdiction in the Hittite laws.^[1] At the end of the Old Hittite period, contact between the Hittites and Pala ceased because of the capture of the Black Sea region by the Kaskian people,^[1] though the area was still referred to as 'the land of Pala" as late as the reign of Muršili II (1330–1295 BCE).^[6] It is likely that the Palaic peoples disappeared after the Kaskian invasion.^[7]

Mythology

The Palaic mythology is known from cuneiform ritual texts from the temple of the Palaic storm god in the Hittite capital Ḫattuša where the cult of Palaic deities continued even when contacts between Hittites and Pala had disappeared.^[1] The following deities are known:^[1]^[8]

Name	Gender/Number	Notes	Alternative Names	Hittite or Luwian counterpart
Ziparwa	god	Palaic major god, storm god	Zaparwa, name of Hattian origin	Tarḫuna, Tarḫunt
Kataḫzipuri	goddess	wife of Zaparwa	Kataḫziwuri, name of Hattian origin	Kamrušepa
Tiyaz	god	sun god	Tiyad	Sun god of Heaven, Tiwaz
Gulzannikeš	goddesses	fate goddesses	Gulzikannikeš	Daraweš Gulšeš
Ḫašamili	god		Ḫašammili, name of Hattian origin
Inar	goddess
Kamama	god		Kammamma
Hearth	deity	hearth deity
Šaušḫalla	deity		Šaušḫilla
Ḫilanzipa	deity		Ḫilašši
Ḫašauwanza	deity
Aššanuwant	deity			Aššiyat
Ilaliyantikeš	deities		Ilaliyant
Kuwanšeš	deities
Uliliyantikeš	deities			Uliliyašši

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 60-61.
^ The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective, p. 7. N.p., Cambridge University Press, 2022.
^ Hittite Landscape and Geography, p.234. Netherlands, Brill, 2022.
^ Garstang, John, and Gurney, Oliver Robert. The Geography of the Hittite Empire, p.30. United Kingdom, British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, 1959.
^ Bryce, Trevor. The Trojans & Their Neighbours, p. 140. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2006.
^ Essays on Anatolian Archaeology, p. 14. Germany, Harrassowitz, 1993.
^ Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (2015). The Indo-European Languages. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 113492187X. The Palaic peoples were very quickly overwhelmed by the invasions of the Kaskas, a non-IE people from the East, who swept them away and for centuries kept attacking the Hittite kingdom
^ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58-59.

v t e Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia
Bronze Age	Ahhiyawa Arzawa Assuwa League Carchemish Hapalla Hatti Hayasa-Azzi Hittite Empire Hurrian States (Isuwa, Kizzuwatna, Mitanni) Kalašma Kaskia Kussara Lukka Luwia Miletus Mira Mysia Nairi Pala Pisidia/Sagalassos Purushanda Seha Shupria Urshu Urumu Wilusa/Troy Zalpuwa
Iron Age	Aeolia Caria Cimmerians Colchis Diauehi Doris Etiuni Ionia Lycia Lydia Mushki Neo-Hittites (Atuna, Carchemish, Gurgum, Ḫilakku, Kammanu, Kummuh, Quwê, Tabal) Phrygia Urartu
Classical Age	Antigonids Armenia Armenia Minor Bithynia Cappadocia Cilicia Commagene Galatia Gordyene Osroene Paphlagonia Pergamon Pontus
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