Megatheriidae

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Megatheriidae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Planopsinae)

Megatheriidae Temporal range: Late Oligocene (Deseadan)-Early Holocene (Lujanian) ~29–0.008 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Eremotherium skeleton, NMNH, Washington, DC.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Pilosa
Clade:	†Megatheria
Family:	†Megatheriidae J. E. Gray 1821
Type genus
†Megatherium americanum
Subgroups
†Thalassocnus?^[1]^[2] †Planopsinae †Planops †Prepoplanops †Prepotherium †Proprepotherium †Megatheriinae

Megatheriidae is a family of extinct ground sloths that lived from approximately 23 mya—11,000 years ago.^[3]

Megatheriids appeared during the Late Oligocene (Deseadan in the SALMA classification), some 29 million years ago, in South America. The group includes the heavily built Megatherium (given its name 'great beast' by Georges Cuvier^[4]) and Eremotherium. An early genus that was originally considered a megatheriid, the more slightly built Hapalops, reached a length of about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft). The nothrotheres have recently been placed in their own family, Nothrotheriidae.^[5]

The skeletal structure of these ground sloths indicates that the animals were massive. Their thick bones and even thicker joints (especially those on the hind legs) gave their appendages tremendous power that, combined with their size and fearsome claws, provided a formidable defense against predators.

The earliest megatheriid in North America was Sibotherium which arrived 5.3 million years ago, after crossing the recently formed Panamanian land bridge. At more than five tons in weight, 6 metres (20 ft) in length, and able to reach as high as 5.2 metres (17 ft), Eremotherium was taller than an African bush elephant bull. Unlike relatives, this species retained a plesiomorphic extra claw. While other species of Eremotherium had four fingers with only two or three claws, E. eomigrans had five fingers, four of them with claws up to nearly 30 centimetres (1 ft) long.^[6]

Phylogeny

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The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019).^[7]

Folivora

† Megalocnidae (Caribbean sloths)

Mylodontoidea

† Scelidotheriidae

	† Mylodontidae

	Choloepodidae (two-toed sloths)

Megatherioidea

† Megalonychidae

† Megalonyx jeffersoni

Bradypodidae

Bradypus torquatus

Bradypus pygmaeus

	Bradypus tridactylus

	Bradypus variegatus

(three-toed sloths)

† Nothrotheriidae	† Nothrotheriops shastensis

† Megatheriidae	† Megatherium americanum

The following phylogeny is based on Varela et al. 2019.^[8]

Bradypodidae

Eufolivora

Catonyx

	Scelidotherium

	Valgipes

Pseudoprepotherium

Orophodontinae?

Brievabradys

Octodontotherium

Paroctodontotherium

Octomylodon

Urumacotherium

	Baraguatherium

	Octodontobradys

Mylodontinae

Mylodon

Thinobadistes

Lestodon

	Lestobradys

	Bolivartherium

	Simomylodon

	Pleurolestodon

	Glossotherium

	Paramylodon

Megatherioidea

	Schismotherium

	Pelecyodon

	Megistonyx

	Ahytherium

Pliomorphus

Megalocninae

	Megalocnus

	Parocnus

Choloepodinae

Acratocnus

	Neocnus

	Choloepus

Megatheria

	Nothrotherium

	Nothrotheriops

Pronothrotherium

	Aymaratherium

	Xyophorus

Megatheriidae

Planopsinae

Prepoplanops

	Planops

	Prepotherium

Megatheriinae

	Diabolotherium

	Megathericulus

Anisodontherium

Pyramiodontherium

Proeremotherium

	Eremotherium

	Megatherium

References

[edit]

^ Eli Amson; Christian de Muizon; Timothy J. Gaudin (2017). "A reappraisal of the phylogeny of the Megatheria (Mammalia: Tardigrada), with an emphasis on the relationships of the Thalassocninae, the marine sloths" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179 (1): 217–236. doi:10.1111/zoj.12450.
^ Varela, L.; Tambusso, P.S.; McDonald, H.G.; Fariña, R.A.; Fieldman, M. (2019). "Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis". Systematic Biology. 68 (2): 204–218. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy058. PMID 30239971.
^ Paleobiology Database: Megatheriidae
^ G. Cuvier (1796)
^ Muizon, C. de; McDonald, H. G.; Salas, R.; Urbina, M. (June 2004). "The Youngest Species of the Aquatic Sloth Thalassocnus and a Reassessment of the Relationships of the Nothrothere Sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 387–397. Bibcode:2004JVPal..24..387D. doi:10.1671/2429a. S2CID 83732878. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
^ De Iuliis and Cartelle (1999)
^ Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; et al. (2019). "Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (7): 1121–1130. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3.1121P. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ Varela, L.; Tambusso, P. S.; McDonald, H. G.; Fariña, R. A. (2018). "Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis". Systematic Biology. 68 (2): 204–218. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy058. PMID 30239971.

External links

[edit]

Data related to Megatheriidae at Wikispecies
CTD: Megatheriidae
Memidex: Megatheriidae

Pilosan genera

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Superorder: Xenarthra

Pilosa

Vermilingua

†Argyromanis †Orthoarthrus
Cyclopedidae	Cyclopes †Palaeomyrmidon
Myrmecophagidae	Myrmecophaga †Neotamandua †Protamandua Tamandua

Folivora

†Pseudoglyptodon

†Megalocnidae	Acratocnus Imagocnus Megalocnus Mesocnus Miocnus Neocnus Parocnus

Mylodontoidea

Choloepus
†Scelidotheriidae	Analcitherium Catonyx Chubutherium Nematherium? Neonematherium Proscelidodon Scelidodon Scelidotheridium Scelidotheriops Scelidotherium Sibyllotherium Valgipes

†Mylodontidae

Mylodontinae

Archaeomylodon Brievabradys? Glossotheriopsis Megabradys Mylodonopsis Ocnotherium Oreomylodon? Promylodon Ranculcus Strabosodon
Lestodontini	Bolivartherium Lestobradys Lestodon Magdalenabradys Sphenotherus Thinobadistes
Mylodontini	Glossotheridium Glossotherium Kiyumylodon Mylodon Paramylodon Pleurolestodon Simomylodon

Megatherioidea	see below↓

†Megatheria

Analcimorphus

Nothrotheriidae

Neohapalops Thalassocnus?
Nothrotheriinae	Amphibradys Aymaratherium Chasicobradys Huilabradys Lakukullus Mcdonaldocnus Mionothropus Nothropus Nothrotheriops Nothrotherium Pronothrotherium Xyophorus

Megatheriidae

Thalassocnus?
Planopsinae	Planops Prepotherium Prepoplanops Proprepotherium
Megatheriinae	Anisodontherium Diabolotherium Eomegatherium Eremotherium Megathericulus Megatheridium Megatheriops Megatherium Ocnopus Perezfontanatherium Plesiomegatherium Pliomegatherium Proeremotherium Promegatherium Pyramiodontherium Sibotherium Urumaquia

Taxon identifiers
Megatheriidae	Wikidata: Q784732 Wikispecies: Megatheriidae BioLib: 416725 EoL: 4528687 GBIF: 3239349 iNaturalist: 317770 IRMNG: 102427 NCBI: 136417 Open Tree of Life: 363391 Paleobiology Database: 43608 Plazi: F749921E-9613-FFCF-D699-B8E6FBA0FAD7

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