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Protohadros - Wikipedia

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Protohadros Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, Cenomanian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	†Ornithischia
Clade:	†Neornithischia
Clade:	†Ornithopoda
Superfamily:	†Hadrosauroidea
Clade:	†Hadrosauromorpha
Genus:	†Protohadros Head, 1998
Type species
Protohadros byrdi Head, 1998

Protohadros (meaning "first hadrosaur") is a genus of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian stage).

Gary Byrd, a part-time palaeontologist, discovered some remains of this euornithopod (ribs and an ungual) during early 1994 at Flower Mound, Denton County, north-central Texas. He informed professional palaeontologist Yuong-Nam Lee of the find, who arranged for the entire preserved fossil to be excavated. It was first reported upon in 1996 by Jason Head of the Dedman College of Humanities and Sciences, Southern Methodist University.^[1] The type species Protohadros byrdi was described and named by Head in 1998. The genus name is derived from Greek πρῶτος, protos, "first", en ἁδρός, hadros, "thick", a reference to the fact that Head considered the species the oldest known hadrosaur. The specific name honours Byrd.^[2]

The holotype, specimen SMU 74582, of Protohadros, was found in the Woodbine Formation, which dates to the middle Cenomanian. It consists of a partial skull, pieces of ribs, a hand ungual and a neural arch. In 1997 Lee named possible tracks of Protohadros as the ichnospecies Caririchnium protohadrosaurichnos.^[3]

Due to the paucity of the remains much of the reconstruction of this dinosaur is speculative. The skull is about seventy centimetres long. From this Head estimated the length of the type specimen of Protohadros at seven to eight metres. He said that this specimen was that of a subadult and that fully-grown individuals could have been longer. Protohadros had a massive, very deep set of lower jaws, and the snout was strongly turned down at the front, which according to Head suggested a habit of grazing on low-growing plants, rather than browsing from bushes or overhanging branches. Its diet would then have consisted of the swamp plants which grew in the delta streams in its habitat, scooped up by the broad, down-turned mouth. In some respects Protohadros was intermediate in morphology to more derived hadrosaurids. Like these it did have pleurokinesis, a cranial joint system that produced the food-grinding action, but only partially in that the quadrate at the back of the skull was still relatively immobile.

References

^ J.J. Head, 1996, "A primitive hadrosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Cenomanian of Texas and its implications for hadrosaurian phylogenetic and biogeographic histories", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16(3, supplement): 40A
^ Head, Jason J. (28 December 1998). "A new species of basal hadrosaurid (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cenomanian of Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (4): 718–738. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011101.
^ Lee, Yuong-Nam (December 1997). "Bird and dinosaur footprints in the Woodbine Formation (Cenomanian), Texas" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 18 (6): 849–864. doi:10.1006/cres.1997.0091.

External links

Protohadros in the Dino Directory

Ornithopoda

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Ornithischia
Clade: Neornithischia
Clade: Cerapoda

Avemetatarsalia

- see Avemetatarsalia

Ornithischia

see Ornithischia
Ornithopoda	see below↓

Ampelognathus? Emiliasaura Fostoria? Muttaburrasaurus?
Tenontosauridae?	Convolosaurus? Iani Tenontosaurus
Rhabdodontidae	Matheronodon Mochlodon Pareisactus Rhabdodon Transylvanosaurus Zalmoxes

Dryomorpha

Draconyx Hesperonyx Owenodon
Dryosauridae	Dryosaurus Dysalotosaurus Elrhazosaurus Eousdryosaurus Iyuku? Kangnasaurus? Valdosaurus

Ankylopollexia

Hadrosauriformes

Bolong Brighstoneus Hypselospinus Jinzhousaurus Mantellisaurus Morelladon Ouranosaurus
Iguanodontidae	Barilium? Comptonatus Iguanodon Mantellisaurus?
Hadrosauroidea	see below↓

Hadrosauroidea

Hadrosauridae

Lambeosaurinae

Adynomosaurus Ajnabia Angulomastacator Aralosaurus Arenysaurus Blasisaurus Canardia Jaxartosaurus Kazaklambia Latirhinus? Minqaria Nipponosaurus Pararhabdodon Tsintaosaurus
Parasaurolophini	Adelolophus Charonosaurus Parasaurolophus Tlatolophus
Lambeosaurini	Amurosaurus Corythosaurus Hypacrosaurus Lambeosaurus Magnapaulia Olorotitan Sahaliyania Velafrons

Saurolophinae

Barsboldia
Brachylophosaurini	Acristavus Brachylophosaurus Maiasaura Ornatops Probrachylophosaurus Wulagasaurus?
Austrokritosauria	Bonapartesaurus Huallasaurus Kelumapusaura Secernosaurus
Kritosaurini	Anasazisaurus? Coahuilasaurus Gryposaurus Kritosaurus Naashoibitosaurus Rhinorex
Saurolophini	Augustynolophus Prosaurolophus Saurolophus
Edmontosaurini	Edmontosaurus Kamuysaurus Kerberosaurus Kundurosaurus Laiyangosaurus Shantungosaurus

Ichnotaxa	Amblydactylus Anomoepus Bonaparteichnium Camptosaurichnus Caririchnium Dakotasaurus Dinehichnus Hadrosaurichnus Iguanodontipus Orcauichnites Ornithopodichnites Shiraminesauropus Sousaichnium Staurichnium Tetrapodosaurus Wintonopus
Ootaxa	Guegoolithus
Nomina dubia	Arstanosaurus Cionodon Claorhynchus? Diclonius Eucercosaurus Fulgurotherium Glishades Koutalisaurus Loncosaurus Mandschurosaurus Microhadrosaurus Orthomerus Pteropelyx Siluosaurus Stephanosaurus Syngonosaurus Thespesius Tichosteus Trachodon
Other articles	Arkharavia Basturs Poble bonebed Dakota (fossil) Hadrosaur diet Hypsilophodont List of informal dinosaur names (contains hadrosaur nomina nuda) Timeline of hadrosaur research Edmontosaurus mummy AMNH 5060 Edmontosaurus mummy S.M. R4036 Willinakaqe

Taxon identifiers
Protohadros	Wikidata: Q1976657 EoL: 47460385 GBIF: 4823221 Open Tree of Life: 4128569 Paleobiology Database: 64526
Protohadros byrdi	Wikidata: Q3924310 EoL: 47460386 GBIF: 4965872 Open Tree of Life: 4128570 Paleobiology Database: 64527

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