Rectal venous plexus

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Rectal venous plexus - Wikipedia

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Rectal venous plexus
Scheme of the anastomosis of the veins of the rectum.
The veins of the right half of the male pelvis.
Details
Drains to	Superior rectal vein, middle rectal vein(s), inferior rectal veins
Identifiers
Latin	plexus venosus rectalis,^[1] plexus haemorrhoidalis
TA98	A12.3.10.010
TA2	5031
FMA	18933
Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The rectal venous plexus (or hemorrhoidal plexus^[2]) is the venous plexus surrounding the rectum.^[3] It consists of an internal and an external rectal plexus.^[4]^: 598^[5]^: 294 It is drained by the superior, middle, and inferior rectal veins. It forms a portosystemic (portocaval) anastomosis.^[3] This allows rectally administered medications to bypass first pass metabolism.^{[citation needed]}

Despite the inclusion of the term "rectal" into the name, the venous plexus is positionally, functionally, and clinically primarily related to the anal canal.^[6]

Anatomy

The rectal venous plexus consists of an external rectal plexus^[4]^: 598^[5]^: 294 that is situated outside to the muscular wall,^[3]^[4]^: 598^[5]^: 294 and an internal rectal plexus^[4]^: 598^[5]^: 294 that is situated in the submucosa^[5]^: 294/deep to the mucosa^[3]^[4]^: 598 of the rectum and proximal anal canal^[3] at the anorectal junction.^[4]^: 598

Internal rectal plexus

The internal plexus presents a series of dilated pouches which are arranged in a circle around the tube, immediately above the anal orifice, and are connected by transverse branches.^{[citation needed]}

The internal plexus (sources differ) forms^[4]^: 641/is continuous distally/inferiorly with^[5]^: 294 the hemorrhoids (the vascular cushions of the anal canal).^[5]^: 294^[4]^: 641

Venous drainage

According to the 42nd edition of Gray's Anatomy (2020), the internal rectal plexus is drained mostly by the superior rectal vein (→inferior mesenteric vein→splenic vein→hepatic portal vein).^[3]

According to the 8th edition of Clinically Oriented Anatomy (2017), the internal rectal plexus is drains mostly into the superior rectal vein superior/proximal to the pectinate line, and into the inferior rectal veins (→internal pudendal vein→internal iliac vein→common iliac vein→inferior vena cava) around the margin of the external anal sphincter inferior/distal to the pectinate line.^[4]^: 641

External rectal plexus

Venous drainage

The proximal/superior part mostly drains into the superior rectal vein (→inferior mesenteric vein→splenic vein→hepatic portal vein)^[3]
The middle part drains into middle rectal vein(s) (→internal iliac vein→common iliac vein→inferior vena cava)^[3]
The distal/inferior part drains into inferior rectal veins (→internal pudendal vein→internal iliac vein→common iliac vein→inferior vena cava)^[3]

Structure

The veins of the hemorrhoidal plexus are contained in very loose connective tissue, so that they get less support from surrounding structures than most other veins, and are less capable of resisting increased blood-pressure.^{[citation needed]}

Anastomoses

The rectal venous plexus represents a portosystemic (portocaval) anastomosis.^[3]^[5]^: 315 The transition from drainage into the portal system to drainage into the inferior caval system occurs in the region of the anal columns.^[5]^: 315

It communicates anteriorly with the uterine and vaginal venous plexus in the female, and with the vesical venous plexus in the male.^[3]

Clinical significance

The internal rectal plexus may prolapse into the anal canal to form pathological internal haemerrhoids; these are often strangulated by the contraction of the anal sphincter, causing ulceration and bleeding.^[4]^: 645

The external rectal plexus may be affected by blood clots (thrombi), resulting in external haemerrhoids.^[4]^: 645

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 676 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ "Anatonomina". www.terminologia-anatomica.org. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
^ "plexus venosus rectalis". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-07-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). New York. p. 1198. ISBN 978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC 1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2018). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4963-4721-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). Elsevier Australia. ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0.
^ Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, Anne M. R. (2017). Essential Clinical Anatomy (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 598. ISBN 978-1496347213.

Veins of the abdomen and pelvis

To azygos system

ascending lumbar
- subcostal

IVC
(Systemic)

To IVC or left renal vein

Common iliac

Unpaired

median sacral vein

Internal iliac

posterior:	iliolumbar superior gluteal lateral sacral
anterior:	inferior gluteal obturator uterine ♀ uterine plexus ♀ vesical vesical plexus prostatic plexus ♂ deep of penis ♂/clitoris ♀ posterior scrotal ♂/labial ♀ vaginal plexus/vein ♀ middle rectal internal pudendal inferior rectal bulb of penis ♂/vestibule ♀ rectal plexus

External iliac

Portal vein
(Portal)

Splenic	short gastric left gastroepiploic pancreatic inferior mesenteric superior rectal left colic
Superior mesenteric	right gastroepiploic pancreaticoduodenal jejunal ileal middle colic right colic ileocolic appendicular
Direct	cystic left gastric/esophageal right gastric paraumbilical

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