Sanhaja de Srair language

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Sanhaja de Srair language - Wikipedia

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Sanhaja de Srair
Senhaja de Srair
Chelha, Tasenhajit or Tamazight
Native to	Morocco
Region	Rif
Ethnicity	Berbers
Native speakers	86,000 (2014 census)^[1]
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Berber Northern Atlas^[2] Sanhaja de Srair
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`sjs`
Glottolog	`senh1238`
ELP	Senhaja de Srair

Senhaja de Srair ("Senhaja of Srair") is a Northern Berber language. It is spoken by the Sanhaja Berbers inhabiting the central part of the Moroccan Rif. It is spoken in the Ketama area west of the Tarifit speaking area in eastern Rif.

Despite its speech area, the Sanhaja language belongs to the Atlas branch of Berber.^[2] It has also been influenced by the neighbouring Riffian language.^[3]

Name of the language

Besides Senhaja de Srair, there are also several names such as Senhajiyya, Chelha, Chelha n Jbala, Tajeblit, Tamazight n Jbala, Tasenhajit.^[4]

Dialects

Dialects of Senhaja Berber are Beni Ahmed, Beni Bechir, Beni Buensar, Beni Jennus, Beni Mesdui, Beni Seddat, Ketama, Sarcat, and Tagsut^[3]

Writing System

Senhaja de Srair speakers are not used to write in their language. Unlike some other Berber languages, Tifinagh script is never used in Senhaja de Srair. If the language is written, especially in the case on Computer-mediated communication, Latin script is the most considered one, numbers are sometimes (but not consistently) used to represent some sounds: ^[4]

2 = ’ = ء	6 = ṭ = ط
3 = ɛ = ع	7 = ḥ = ح
4~8 = ġ = غ	9 = q = ق
5 = ḫ = خ

Arabic influences

Based on the Leipzig–Jakarta list, 17% of the vocabulary in Senhaja de Srair is borrowed.^[4]

Consonants

Following shows the oppositions in the consonantal system:^[4]

Voice	Voiced vs. voiceless consonants
Length	Short vs. long consonants
Pharyngealization	Non-pharyngealized vs. pharyngealized consonants
Spirantization	Stops vs. fricatives (spirantized consonants)
Assibilation	t vs. ț
Labialization

Vowels

There are three peripheral vowels (a, i, u) and a central vowel, schwa [ə], written as e. The vowel a is usually realized as [æ], i as [ɪ], u as [u], e as [ə].

Following shows the Senhaja vowel system: ^[4]

	Front	Mid	Back
Close	i		u
Mid		ə
Open		a

References

^ Sanhaja de Srair at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b Lameen Souag, 2004: "Senhaja de Srair is not Zenati, but rather Atlas, belonging (despite location) with Middle Atlas Tamazight."
^ ^a ^b "Senhaja Berber". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-12.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gutova, Evgeniya (26 April 2022). "Senhaja Berber Varieties : phonology, Morphology, and Morphosyntax". Retrieved 7 February 2023.

Bibliography

Peter Behnstedt, "La frontera entre el bereber y el árabe en el Rif", Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí vol. 6, 2002.
Esteban Ibañez, Diccionario español-senhayi (dialecto beraber de Senhaya de Srair), 1959.
Mena Lafkiou, Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif (Berber Studies vol.15), 2007.
A. Renisio, Études sur les dialectes berbères des Beni Iznassen, du Rif et des Senhaja de Sraïr. Grammaire, textes et lexique. PIHEM, vol. 12. Paris 1932.

Berber languages

Reconstructed

Proto-Berber

Eastern

Awjila
Fezzan
- Foqaha
- Sokna
- Tmessa
Ghadamès
Jaghbub
Kufra
Nafusi
- Jadu
- Nalut
- Wazzin
- Yefren
Siwa

Northern

Zenati	Eastern Middle Atlas (transitional to Atlas) Seghrouchen Warayn Northern Saharan Mozabite Wad Righ Wargla South Oran and Figuig Tidikelt Gurara Tuwat Riffian Central Riffian Snouss Western Riffian Eastern Moroccan Iznasen Shawiya Tunisian-Zuwara (transitional to Eastern) Jerba Matmata Sened Douiret Zuwara Western Algerian Gouraya Shelif Shenwa
Non-Zenati	Atlas languages Central Atlas Gharb Ghomara Senhaja de Srair Shilha Judeo-Berber Kabyle Central-Eastern Central-Western Eastern Western
Standardised	Moroccan Amazigh Algerian Berber

Tuareg

Northern Tuareg	Tamahaq Tahaggart Ajjer Ghat
Southern Tuareg	Tamashek Tadhaq Tanaslamt Tawellemmet Tayirt Ingal Gofat Tanassfarwat Azerori Tayart

Western

Others

Guanche?
Old Libyan
- East Numidian
- Fezzan-Tripolitanian
- Mauretanian
- West Numidian

Orthography

Institutions

Governmental	AAAL (Algeria) HCA (Algeria) IRCAM (Morocco) DNAFLA (Mali) CRB (France)
NGOs	Berber Academy World Amazigh Congress Amazigh Cultural Association in America

Italics indicate extinct languages

Languages of Morocco

Official languages

Berber
Arabic¹

Native vernaculars

Arabic

Pre-Hilalian	Northern Judeo-Moroccan
Hilal-Mâqil	Western Eastern Hassaniya
Koiné	Darija

Berber

Atlas	Central Atlas Tashelhit Judeo-Berber Sanhaja de Srair Ghomara Gharbi^†
Zenati	Tarifit Tabeldit Eastern Middle Atlas Eastern Morocco

Romance

Western	Sabir^† Haketia Spanish^†,4
Undescribed	African Latin^†

Main foreign languages

Main liturgical languages

Arabic¹ ²
Hebrew³

¹ Modern Standard Arabic
² Classical Arabic
³ Medieval Hebrew
⁴ Formerly native to Moriscos, extinct as native in Morocco
^† Extinct

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