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Sifrhippus - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Sifrhippus Temporal range: Ypresian (Wasatchian), 55.8–50.3 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Skeleton at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Perissodactyla
Family:	Equidae
Genus:	†Sifrhippus Froehlich, 2002
Species
S. sandrae (Gingerich, 1989)
Synonyms
Hyracotherium sandrae

Sifrhippus is an extinct genus of equid containing the species S. sandrae. Sifrhippus is the oldest known equid, living during the early Eocene.^[1] Its fossils were discovered in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming.^[2]^[3]

Description

Sifrhippus would have looked quite different to modern horses, being more slender and much smaller, with a relatively small head and longer hindlimbs. Its body was built to leap around the forest undergrowth instead of galloping on open grasslands like later equids. Individuals likely weighed between 8.5–12 pounds (3.9–5.4 kg); the size variance, according to one theory, depended on the warmth of the climate.^[2]^[4]

Life restoration in the Swedish Museum of Natural History
Life reconstruction based on living small-bodied, forest-dwelling ungulates.

Taxonomy

Sifrhippus sandrae is referred to in earlier literature as Hyracotherium sandrae, but Froehlich, arguing that the traditional genus Hyracotherium was not monophyletic, reassigned many of its species to other genera. Froehlich gave H. sandrae the new generic name Sifrhippus, derived from the Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr), "zero", and Greek ἵππος (híppos), "horse".^[3]

Since Froehlich's reorganization of Hyracotherium based on the morphological differences between fossil specimens, one further study has suggested that Sifrhippus sandrae and Minippus jicarillai are synonymous, and also that Minippus index, although not seen by the authors of this study, is a synonym for the same taxon, which should then be named Sifrhippus index.^[5] It has been argued that the differences in the fossils are more likely caused by individual variation in animals.

References

^ "†Sifrhippus Froehlich 2002 (horse)". Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b Gingerich, P.D. (1989). "New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage". University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology. 28: 1–97. hdl:2027.42/48628.
^ ^a ^b Froehlich, D.J. (2002). "Quo vadis eohippus? The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 134 (2): 141–256. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00005.x.
^ Gorman, James (23 February 2012). "A Tiny Horse That Got Even Tinier as the Planet Heated Up". The New York Times.
^ Rej, J.E.; Lucas, S.G. (2016). "Morphological Comparison of Two Early Eocene Horse Taxa: Minippus of New Mexico and Sifrhippus of Wyoming". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 74: 223–230.

Perissodactyla

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Perissodactyla

Perissodactyla

Incertae sedis

†Anthracobunia

Radinskya
†Anthracobunidae	Anthracobune Hsanotherium Jozaria Obergfellia
†Cambaytheriidae	Cambaytherium Kalitherium Nakusia Perissobune

†Brontotheriidae

- See Brontotheriidae

Equoidea

Equidae

- See Equidae

†Palaeotheriidae

†Pachynolophinae	Anchilophus Bepitherium Eurohippus Hyracotherium Lijiangia Lophiohippus Lophiotherium Metanchilophus Orolophus Pachynolophus Paranchilophus Propalaeotherium Qianohippus
†Palaeotheriinae	Cantabrotherium Iberolophus Idiodontherium Leptolophus Mekodontherium Metaplagiolophus Palaeotherium Paraplagiolophus Plagiolophus Pseudopalaeotherium

†Hyopsodontidae?

†Phenacodontidae?

Tetraclaenodon
†Meniscotheriinae	Ectocion Meniscotherium
†Phenacodontinae	Almogaver Copecion Eodesmatodon Lophocion Phenacodus

Tapiromorpha

- See below↓

Tapiromorpha

Incertae sedis

†Cambaylophus
†Skopaiolophus

†Isectolophidae

Chowliia Gandheralophus Karagalax Meridiolophus Orientolophus Sastrilophus
†Homogalaxinae	Homogalax
†Isectolophinae	Isectolophus Schizolophodon

†Ancylopoda

- See Ancylopoda

Ceratomorpha

Tapiroidea

†Deperetellidae	Bahinolophus Deperetella Irenolophus Teleolophus
†Helaletidae	Colodon Dilophodon Helaletes Heptodon Heteraletes Paracolodon Plesiocolopirus Thuliadanta? Vastanolophus
Tapiridae	†Eotapirus †Miotapirus †Nexuotapirus †Paratapirus †Plesiotapirus †Protapirus †Tapiravus Tapirus

Rhinocerotoidea

- See below↓

Rhinocerotoidea

Rhinocerotoidea sensu lato

†Breviodon
†Fouchia
†Minchenoletes
†Siamolophus
†Triplopus
†Yimengia

†Indolophidae

Indolophus

Rhinocerotoidea
sensu stricto

†Selenaletes

†Hyrachyidae

Hyrachyus

Amynodon
†Cadurcodontini	Cadurcodon Lushiamynodon Sharamynodon Sianodon
†Metamynodontini	Gigantamynodon Megalamynodon Metamynodon Paramynodon Zaisanamynodon

†Paraceratheriidae

†Forstercooperiinae	Forstercooperia Gobicerops Pappaceras
†Paraceratheriinae	Aralotherium Dzungarotherium Juxia Paraceratherium Urtinotherium

Rhinocerotidae

- See below↓

Rhinocerotidae

†Aceratheriinae

†Elasmotheriinae

Gulfoceras Victoriaceros
†Diceratheriini	Diceratherium Penetrigonias Skinneroceras Subhyracodon Trigonias
†Elasmotheriini	Bugtirhinus Caementodon Elasmotherium Hispanotherium Iranotherium Kenyatherium Meninatherium Menoceras Ninxiatherium Ningxiatherium Ougandatherium Parelasmotherium Procoelodonta Sinotherium Tongxinotherium

Rhinocerotinae

†Teleoceratini

Rhinocerotina

Dicerorhinini	†Coelodonta Dicerorhinus †Dihoplus †Pliorhinus †Stephanorhinus
Dicerotini	Ceratotherium Diceros †Miodiceros †Paradiceros
Rhinocerotini	†Gaindatherium †Nesorhinus Rhinoceros †Rusingaceros

Extinct genera of Equidae (Horse family), arranged by subfamily

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Eutheria
Superorder Laurasiatheria
Order Perissodactyla

Basal forms

Anchitheriinae

Equinae

Acritohippus Merychippus
Hipparionini	Cremohipparion Cormohipparion Eurygnathohippus Hipparion Hippotherium Nannippus Neohipparion Proboscidipparion Pseudhipparion Shanxihippus Sivalhippus
Equini	Haringtonhippus Heteropliohippus Parapliohippus Subtribe Protohippina: Calippus Protohippus Subtribe Equina: Astrohippus Dinohippus Equus Hippidion Pliohippus

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