Epstein Files Full PDF

Sixel, short for "six pixels", is a bitmap graphics format supported by terminals and printers from DEC. It consists of a pattern six pixels high and one wide (in black and white), resulting in 64 possible patterns. Each possible pattern is assigned an ASCII character, making the sixels easy to transmit on 7-bit serial links.

Sixel was first introduced as a way of sending bitmap graphics to DEC dot matrix printers like the LA50. After being put into "sixel mode" the following data was interpreted to directly control six of the pins in the nine-pin print head. A string of sixel characters encodes a single 6-pixel high row of the image.

The system was later reused as a way to send bitmap data to the VT200 series and VT320 terminals when defining custom character sets. A series of sixels are used to transfer the bitmap for each character. This feature is known as soft character sets or dynamically redefinable character sets (DRCS). With the VT240, VT241, VT330, and VT340, the terminals could decode a complete sixel image to the screen, like those previously sent to printers.

Sixel encodes images by breaking up the bitmap into a series of 6-pixel high horizontal strips. Each 1-pixel-wide vertical column in a particular strip forms a single sixel. Each sixel's pixels are read as binary and encoded into a single 6-bit number, with "on" pixels encoded as a 1. This number, from 0 to 63 decimal, is then converted into a single ASCII character, offset by 63 so that an all-black sixel, 0 decimal, is encoded as ?. This ensures that the sixels remain within the printable character range of the ASCII character set: an all-white sixel is encoded as ~. Carriage return (CR) is represented by $, and line feeds (LF) with a -; both had to be sent in turn to return the cursor to the start of the line, CRLF.

Sixel also includes a rudimentary form of compression, using run-length encoding (RLE). This is accomplished with the ! character followed by a decimal number of the times to repeat, and then a single sixel character to be repeated. Since the ! and decimal digits cannot be valid sixel data, lying outside the encoded range, the encoding is easy to identify and expand back out in software.

"Sixel mode" is entered by sending the sequence ESC Pp1;p2;p3;q. The p1 through p3 are optional setup parameters, with p1 defining an aspect ratio (deprecated in favor of p3), p2 how to interpret the color of zeros, and p3 with simple grid size parameters. ESC P is the standard DEC "Device Control String", or DCS, which is used to turn on or off a number of special features in DEC's equipment. The "q" is the sixel identifier.^[a] Sixel data then follows the q. The "String Terminator" sequence ESC \ returns the device back to normal character mode again.

For printing, sixels are sent to the printer, decoded back into binary, and sent directly to six pins in the print head. The only complexity involved expanding the RLEs into the internal print buffer. Display on a terminal is somewhat more difficult. On terminals supporting graphics, the ReGIS graphics system was used to directly draw the sixel pattern into the screen's bitmap. This was done at high speed by storing the bitmap patterns as a glyph and then blitting them.

When used for defining custom character sets, the format was almost identical, although the escape codes changed. In terms of the data, the only major difference is the replacement of the separate CR/LF with a single /. In the VT300 series, for instance, 80-column character glyphs were 15 pixels wide by 12 high, meaning that a character could be defined by sending a total of 30 sixels.

Color is also supported using the # character, followed by a number referring to one of a number of color registers, which varied from device to device. The colors in the registers are defined using either RGB or HLS values in a peculiar DEC format. To create a color image on a printer, a line of sixels is sent several times, each representing a single bitplane from the register-based colors on the terminals (normally 2 or 4 bits). Since the capabilities of the hardware vary widely, a color sixel drawing can only be output to targeted devices. Non-graphics terminals generally silently ignore sixel escape sequences.

␛Pq
#0;2;0;0;0#1;2;100;100;0#2;2;0;100;0
#1~~@@vv@@~~@@~~$
#2??}}GG}}??}}??-
#1!14@
␛\

The example above enters sixel mode, sets up three color registers, and then uses those registers to draw sixels in those colors. The #0;2;0;0;0 is interpreted as "set color register 0, use mode 2 (RGB mode), set R, G and B to 0%". This sets color 0 to black, and the following commands set register 1 to yellow (100%, 100%, 0%) and 2 to green (0%, 100%, 0%). Unlike most modern systems which assign an 8-bit value (0–255) to each color channel, RGB mode is based on "intensity" of each channel from 0% to 100%.

The data lines following select a color, yellow for the first and third and green for the middle, then draw sixels. The last line shows the RLE in use, meaning "repeat @ (0b100000) 14 times". The final output is 14 pixels by 7 pixels, so the last line simply repeats 0b100000 14 times to fill the last line. $ at the end of a line means that the next line will overprint the current line, while - means that the next line represents a new line of sixels.

• ReGIS – a means of displaying vector graphics on later DEC VT-series terminals
• Semigraphics – text-based graphics, including "squot" sub-character square blocks

• "VT330/VT340 Programmer Reference Manual, Volume 2: Graphics Programming", Digital, EK-VT3XX-GP-002, May 1988
• Chris Chiesa, All About SIXELs, 29 September 1990
• Moy, Edward; Gildea, Stephen; Dickey, Thomas (31 December 2023). "XTerm Control Sequences". XTerm manual.

• "Sixel Graphic News"
• "Sixel software library"
• "VT320 Soft Character Sets"
• "Sixel Viewer and sample Sixel images"
• "BMP to Sixel converter"