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The stator is the stationary part of a rotary system,^[1] found in electric generators, electric motors, sirens, mud motors, or biological rotors (such as bacterial flagella or ATP synthase). Energy flows through a stator to or from the rotating component of the system, the rotor. In an electric motor, the stator provides a magnetic field that drives the rotating armature; in a generator, the stator converts the rotating magnetic field to electric current. In fluid powered devices, the stator guides the flow of fluid to or from the rotating part of the system.

Motor stators are made either from iron/steel or from a printed circuit board (PCB). Originally applied to low-power applications, PCB stators can be lighter, smaller, and less noisy.^[2]

One design embeds thin copper traces in the PCB stator that serve as the windings. The traces are interleaved with epoxy-glass laminates, that insulate each coil from its neighbors. An air core replaces the traditional iron core, saving space and weight, and allowing a smaller air gap.^[2]

Hairpin windings may be used in the construction of electric motor stators. This technology, uses windings with wires that individually, may have larger cross sections than those used in conventional windings.

Depending on the configuration of a spinning electromotive device the stator may act as the field magnet, interacting with the armature to create motion, or it may act as the armature, receiving its influence from moving field coils on the rotor. The first DC generators (known as dynamos) and DC motors put the field coils on the stator, and the power generation or motive reaction coils on the rotor. This is necessary because a continuously moving power switch known as the commutator is needed to keep the field correctly aligned across the spinning rotor. The commutator must become larger and more robust as the current increases.

The stator of these devices may be either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.

An AC alternator produces power across multiple high-current power generation coils connected in parallel, eliminating the commutator.

In a turbine, the stator element contains blades or ports used to redirect the flow of fluid. Such devices include the steam turbine and the torque converter. In a mechanical siren, the stator contains one or more rows of holes that admit air into the rotor; by controlling the flow of air through the holes, the sound of the siren can be altered. A stator can reduce the turbulence and rotational energy introduced by an axial turbine fan, creating a steady column of air with a lower Reynolds number.^[3]

In electric vehicles (EV), the stator plays an important role in the motor, generating the torque and power needed for smooth and efficient operation.^[4][5] By working seamlessly with the rotor, the stator ensures high energy efficiency and reliability of electric vehicles, making it a crucial component in the transition to more environmentally friendly modes of transport.^[6][7]

Stators are essential in industrial machines such as pumps, compressors, and conveyor systems.^[8] They ensure the smooth and efficient operation of these systems by converting electrical energy into precise mechanical movement necessary for performing heavy-duty tasks.^[9]

In renewable energy systems, stators make a significant contribution to the operation of wind turbines and hydroelectric power plants.^[10][11] By converting the mechanical energy of wind or water into electricity, stators help produce clean and sustainable energy, aiding in reducing the world's dependency on fossil fuels.

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems use stators to power efficient motors that circulate air, regulate temperature, and humidity. Their performance directly impacts the energy efficiency and reliability of HVAC systems, ensuring comfort in residential, commercial, and industrial settings.

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