Toshka Lakes
The Toshka lakes and Lake Nasser in 2021
Toshka Lakes
Location	New Valley Governorate
Coordinates	23°06′N 30°54′E / 23.1°N 30.9°E / 23.1; 30.9
Type	Endorheic lake
Primary inflows	Nile-Lake Nasser via Sadat Canal
Basin countries	Egypt
Surface area	1,450 km2 (560 sq mi) (2000) 307 km2 (119 sq mi) (Lowest, 2012)[1]
Water volume	25.26 km3 (10 cu mi) (2000)[1]

Toshka Lakes (Arabic: بحيرات توشكى, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [boħeˈɾæːt ˈtoʃkæ]) is the name given to recently formed endorheic lakes in the Sahara Desert of Egypt.^[2] Their presence is caused by periodic overflow from Lake Nasser.

The presence of the depression helped establish the Toshka New Valley Project, made possible by the Sheikh Zayed Canal, which starts from the Mubarak pump station to raise water from the creek of Lake Nasser to the canal, and whose aim is to develop the southern valley area.^[3]

There are two opinions regarding the origin of the name "Toshka". The first is that that the word "toshka" is made up of two syllables: "toshi" or "tosho", and "ki", "ke", or "ka". "Toshi" is the name of the stump plant, a type of medicinal herb that grows in the valley, and "ki" means "the place", "the house", or "the homeland" in the Nubian dialect or the region. Toshka in its entirety then means "the home of the Ghubeira plant."^[4]

The second opinion is, which is more widely accepted, is the lakes are named after a Nubian village (Old Nubian: ⲧⲱϣⲕⲉⲁ^[5]) which existed in the region until it was flooded after the construction of the Aswan High Dam.^[4] The word "toshka" consists of two syllables.^[5]

In the past, the Toshka region included two villages, one east of the Nile, "Toshka East" and the other west of the Nile, "Toshka West." The residents used Nile boats to move between the two villages. The two new ones have the same name "Toshka East" and "Toshka West".^[6] A new city was built in remembrance of the village.^[7]

In the year 1889, a famous battle took place in the Toshka region between the British campaign and the army of the Mahdist State. Madhist revolutionaries marched from Sudan under the leadership of Abd al-Rahman al-Nujumi, proclaiming that they were ridding the Nile Valley of the corruption of the Turkish and British rulers, spread the Madhist faith to Egypt,^[8] and to free Ahmed Orabi from prison.^[6]

The Aswan High Dam, constructed in Egypt in 1964–1968, created Lake Nasser. It was designed with a maximum water level of 183 metres (600 ft) above sea level. As a precaution against any unexpected rise in Lake Nasser's water level, a spillway and channel were built in 1978. The channel has the potential to divert water from the reservoir to the Toshka basin, which is located outside the Nile basin. This design relieves dam pressure and protects downstream areas from massive flooding. The canal was made through a spillway channel that was dug starting from Khor Toshka branching from Lake Nasser and passing through the Toshka Valley in the Western Desert until it connects to the depression.

In 1998, Ethiopia experienced mass flash floods and river floods.^[9] Excess water coming from in Ethiopia's highlands put strain on the river Nile and put the flood control plan of the Aswan High Dam to the test. For the first time, the massive reservoir reached its highest level of 183 meters above sea level in September.^[10] Excess water started being released from Lake Nasser by overflow into a hollow at the south end of the Eocene limestone plateau. During September and October, the basin received between 32 and 98 million cubic meters of water per day.^[11]

Astronauts on the ISS began noticing the first, easternmost lake growing in November 1998.^[12] By late 1999, three additional lakes formed successively westward, and the westernmost lake started forming sometime between September 2000 and March 2001. These lakes are not yet named individually.

It was estimated that in total, the Toshka Lakes cover approximately 1300 square kilometers (502 mi²). The levels of the lakes as of 2006^[update] are lower than in 2001, and areas of wetlands and sand dunes have formed between the former and present shorelines. A minor lake downstream of the three larger lakes has completely dried out. The levels of the lakes vary between 175 metres (574 ft) for the one closest to Lake Nasser to 144 metres (472 ft) for the one furthest downstream.

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By the late 2000s, the Toshka region experienced an increase in agricultural activity, with farmers using water from Lake Toshka and pumps from Lake Nasser for agricultural purposes. The region saw some economic growth as a result of the increased agricultural activity, and a new city was built to support the Toshka Agricultural Project located northeast of the Sheikh Zayed Canal. The city of New Toshka was established by Presidential Decree No. 199 of 2000 and its location modified by Presidential Decree No. 268 of 2006 with the aim of creating an integrated urban community.^[13][7]

By 2006, Lake Toshka's water levels began to decline rapidly, exposing large areas of dry land. The amount of stored water had been reduced by 50%. By June 2012, water filled only the lowest parts of the main western and eastern basins, covering a surface area of 307 square kilometers, an 80% decrease compared to 2002. The central basin is almost completely devoid of water and the rest of the lakes had mostly dried up due to low flow in the river. By 2017 and 2018, the lakes were nearly completely dry, leaving only small remnants of water in the western basins.^[14]

The 2019 summer rainfall in Sudan and South Sudan was significant enough to raise the water level in Lake Nasser, which allowed the eastern Toshka basin to start refilling. This was followed by the record-breaking floods that occurred in Sudan in 2020. These floods led to the highest water level ever recorded in Lake Nasser. The following year, in 2021, another flood occurred in Sudan. Then, due to the 2022 Sudanese floods, Lake Nasser approached record levels once again, causing the Toshka Lakes to fill rapidly.^[15]

The filling of the Toshka Lakes in 2022 resulted in the highest water levels ever recorded in the area, and it also indicated the formation of new lakes in depressions located to the north and south of the eastern basin. The area covered by the original lakes increased substantially above the levels seen in 2001, gaining 3 more lakes on the eastern side. This increase in water levels has had a significant impact on the agricultural areas in the region, which have grown considerably due to the abundance of water. As a result, the Toshka agriculture project has benefited greatly from the increased water supply, and the region's economy has improved due to growth in the agricultural industry.^[15]

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The new lake system is endorheic, meaning the waters never flow out to the sea. The Nile-sourced water creates the lakes and helps to recharge the underlying aquifer; however, desert temperatures cause very high levels of evaporation. Although the new lakes already contain an impressive number of fish, these high evaporation levels will make the waters increasingly saline over time, reducing fish stocks and harming the newly established flora and fauna.

The Toshka Hollow lies within the seismically active Nubian Swell. The Egyptian government is developing the surrounding region, also known as the "New Valley Project". The plan is to extend the waterway to the Kharga oasis. Use of Nile resources is governed by the Nile Basin Initiative; however, the Toshka project does not breach the agreement as water is diverted from Lake Nasser only after heavy water flows upstream have raised lake levels above 178 metres (584 ft).

• New Valley Project
• New Valley Governorate
• Lakes of Egypt

• Chipman, J. W; T. M. Lillesand (2007). "Satellite-based assessment of the dynamics of new lakes in southern Egypt". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 28 (19): 4365–4379. Bibcode:2007IJRS...28.4365C. doi:10.1080/01431160701241787. S2CID 129442621.

• "Archived copy". August 2016. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2005-05-28. Astronaut photography of Sara Lake formation 1998-1999.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
• "Archived copy". August 2016. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2005-05-28. March 2002 MODIS 'true color' image of Toshka Lakes and vicinity.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
• Jan. 2003 MODIS false color image of the Toshka Lakes.
• "Archived copy". August 2016. Archived from the original on 2005-11-10. Retrieved 2005-05-29. Astronaut photography documenting the formation of the westernmost lake in 2001.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
• "Archived copy". August 2016. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2006-01-10. Astronaut photography documenting shrinking of the lakes in late 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
• "Archived copy". August 2016. Archived from the original on 2012-12-12. Retrieved 2009-09-15. CEO (Crew Earth Observation) on the Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth (Toshka, Egypt){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)