Ultratrace element

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one microgram per gram of a given organism (i.e. less than 0.0001% by weight), but which plays a significant role in its metabolism.

Possible ultratrace elements in humans include boron, silicon, nickel, vanadium^[1] and cobalt.^[2] Other possible ultratrace elements in other organisms include bromine, cadmium, fluorine, lead, lithium, and tin.^[3]

References

^ J. Mann & A. S. Truswell (editors). Essentials of Human Nutrition (3rd edition, 2007). Oxford: Oxford University Press
^ Yamada, Kazuhiro (2013). "Chapter 9. Cobalt: Its Role in Health and Disease". In Astrid Sigel; Helmut Sigel; Roland K. O. Sigel (eds.). Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. Springer. pp. 295–320. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9. ISBN 978-94-007-7499-5. PMID 24470095.
^ Nielsen, Forrest H., Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition, Annual Review of Nutrition Vol. 4: 21-41 (Volume publication date July 1984)

Mineral supplements (A12)

Major

Calcium^#	β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate acetate ascorbate carbonate chloride +cholecalciferol citrate folinate^# glubionate glucoheptonate gluconate^# glycerylphosphate lactate gluconate lactate malate pangamate phosphate sulfate hydroxyapatite
Magnesium	ascorbate aspartate carbonate chloride citrate gluconate glycinate lactate levulinate malate orotate oxide pidolate sulfate^# taurate L-threonate
Phosphorus	adenosine triphosphate disodium hydroxyapatite monosodium phosphate
Potassium	ascorbate bicarbonate bitartrate carbonate chloride^# citrate (+hydrogen carbonate) gluconate iodide^# lactate malate permanganate^# phosphate sulfate
Sodium	Docusate sodium^# Glucose with sodium chloride^# Heparin sodium^# ascorbate calcium edetate^# carbonate chloride^# citrate gluconate hydrogen carbonate^# lactate^# malate nitrite^# nitroprusside^# phosphates stibogluconate^# sulfate thiosulfate^# Suramin sodium^# Valproic acid^#
Sulfur	barium sulfate^# Calcium sulfate L-cysteine L-cystine L-glutathione Iron(II) sulfate^# sulfate^# L-methionine methylsulfonylmethane N-acetyl-L-cysteine R-α-lipoic acid potassium sulfate protamine sulfate^# S-adenosyl methionine Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate^# taurine (IV) sulfate zinc sulfate^#

Trace

Copper	gluconate
Iodine	potassium iodide^#
Iron	(II) fumarate (II) sulfate^#
Selenium	selenate selenite
Zinc	acetate L-aspartate L-carnosine gluconate oxide proteinate zinc sulfate^#

Ultratrace

Chromium	(III) picolinate (III) chloride
Fluorine	fluoride^# monofluorophosphate
Lithium	aspartate carbonate orotate
Vanadium	(IV) sulfate

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This article about metabolism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories:

Hidden category:

All stub articles

See also

References