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Utsuls - Wikipedia

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(Redirected from Utsul)

ملايو ثات
Malay Tsat / Malay Champa / Hainan Champa Utsul
Total population
At least 8,500^[1]
Regions with significant populations
Sanya, Hainan
Languages
Malay Tsat, Standard Chinese, Hainanese
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Chams (Laotian Chams) and other Austronesian peoples

History

By dynasty
Tang Song Yuan Ming Qing
Rebellions and revolts
Jahriyya revolt Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873) First Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) Second Dungan Revolt (1895–1896) Afaqi Khoja revolts
Post-dynastic China
1912–present Second Sino-Japanese War Islamophobia

The Utsuls ([hu˩ t͡saːn˧˨]; traditional Chinese: 回輝人; simplified Chinese: 回辉人; pinyin: Huíhuīrén) are a Chamic-speaking ethnic group which lives on the island of Hainan and are considered one of the People's Republic of China's unrecognized ethnic groups. They are found on the southernmost tip of Hainan, in the two villages of Huihui (回辉) and Huixin (回新) of Tianya district in the city of Sanya.

History

The Utsuls are thought to be descendants of Cham refugees who fled their homeland of Champa in what is now modern Central Vietnam to escape the Vietnamese invasion.^[2] After the Vietnamese completed the conquest of Cham in 1471, sacking Vijaya, the last capital of the Cham kingdom, a Cham prince and about 1,000 followers moved to Hainan, where the Ming dynasty allowed them to stay.^[3] Several Chinese accounts record Cham arriving on Hainan even earlier, from 986, shortly after the Vietnamese captured the earlier Cham capital of Indrapura in 982, while other Cham refugees settled in Guangzhou.^[4]^[5]

While most of the Chams who fled Champa to Cambodia, a small business class fled northwards. How they came to acquire the name Utsul is unknown.^{[citation needed]}

Their population was greatly reduced during the Second Sino-Japanese War by the Japanese that more than 4,000 Chams were killed in Sanya as Chinese armies were hiding among them from the invading Japanese.^[6] Hundreds of Utsul Muslim houses and mosques in Sanya were destroyed by the Japanese in order to build an airport.^[7]

Discrimination

In 2020, it was reported that Beijing had started a religious crackdown aimed at the Utsul community as part of their political efforts. Restrictions included limiting the size of mosques, requiring a Chinese Communist Party member on mosque management committees, forbidding the use of Arabic words on food stalls (such as "halal"), and forbidding the wearing of hijab.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Identity

Although they are culturally, ethnically and linguistically distinct from the Hui, the Chinese government nevertheless classifies them as Hui due to their Islamic faith. From reports by Hans Stübel, the German ethnographer who made contact with them in the 1930s, however, their language is completely unrelated to any other language spoken in mainland China.^[11]

Genetics

A genetic study by Li et al. (2013) suggested that the surviving Utsat were genetically much closer to the indigenous Hlai people than to the Cham and other mainland southeast Asian populations. The study suggests that there was high assimilation of the indigenous Hlai in the formation of the Utsat.^[12]

Family names

Some common Utsul family names include Chen, Ha, Hai, Jiang, Li, Liu and Pu.^[13]

Famous people

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia. His maternal grandfather is of Utsul descent.^[14]

References

^ Gladney, Dru C., ed. (1998). Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the United States. Stanford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780804730488.
^ Olson, James Stuart (1998). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 0-313-28853-4.
^ Nhung Tuyet Tran (2006). Vịêt Nam: Borderless Histories. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 104. ISBN 0-299-21774-4.
^ Grant, Anthony; Sidwell, Paul, eds. (2005). Chamic and Beyond: Studies in Mainland Austronesian Languages. Pacific Linguistics. p. 247. doi:10.15144/PL-569. hdl:1885/146271. ISBN 0-85883-561-4.
^ Andaya, Leonard Y. (2008). Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka. University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8248-3189-9. cham hainan.
^ 海南岛农业地理 - Volume 51 - Page 44
^ Thurgood, Graham; Thurgood, Ela; Li, Fengxiang (2014). A Grammatical Sketch of Hainan Cham: History, Contact, and Phonology. Vol. 643 of Pacific Linguistics [PL] (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 20. ISBN 978-1614516040.
^ Seibt, Sébastian (2020-09-30). "Beijing's Crackdown on Religious Minorities Takes Aim at 10,000 Muslim Utsuls". France 24. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
^ Baptista, Eduardo (2020-09-28). "Tiny Muslim Community Becomes Latest Target for China's Religious Crackdown". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
^ Bradsher, Keith; Qin, Amy (2021-02-14). "China's Crackdown on Muslims Extends to a Resort Island". The New York Times. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
^ Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). The Languages of China. Princeton University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-691-06694-9.
^ Li, Dong-Na; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yang, Kun; et al. (2013). "Substitution of Hainan Indigenous Genetic Lineage in the Utsat People, Exiles of the Champa Kingdom: Genetic Structure of Hainan Utsat People". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 51 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1111/jse.12000.
^ Thurgood, Graham; Thurgood, Ela; Fengxiang, Li (2014). A Grammatical Sketch of Hainan Cham: History, Contact, and Phonology (reprint ed.). De Gruyter Mouton. p. 12. ISBN 9781614516040.
^ Choong Kwee Kim (22 December 2003). "PM Meets Relatives from China". The Star. Retrieved 2021-04-18.

Ethnic groups in China

Sino-Tibetan

Sinitic	Han Chinese subgroups Hui Bai Caijia Chuanqing Longjia Waxiang
Lolo-Burmese	Yi Hani Lisu Lahu Nakhi Achang Nu Jino Akha Bisu Kucong Laomian Laopin Mosuo Qixingmin
Qiangic	Qiang Pumi Baima Gyalrong
Tibetic	Tibetans Monpa Sherpa
Others	Tujia Jingpo Derung Lhoba Deng

Others

Immigrants and expatriates

v t e Immigration to China
From Asia	Armenians Burmese Filipinos Indians Israelis Iranians Japanese Shanghai Koreans Shanghai Nepalis Pakistanis Vietnamese
From elsewhere	Africans Guangzhou Hong Kong Americans Australians Britons Hong Kong Canadians Nigerians Poles Portuguese (Macau) Russians (Albazinians Harbin Shanghai)
See also	Demographics of China Immigration to Hong Kong Immigration to Macau History of the Jews in China (Hong Kong Kaifeng) Under-occupied developments in China Illegal immigration
For immigrants and expatriates in Hong Kong, see: Hong Kong people