List of planet types

The following is a list of planet types by their mass, orbit, physical and chemical composition, or by another classification.

By mass regime

Planet type	Description	Example(s)
Super-Jupiter	An astronomical object more massive than the planet Jupiter (up to 13 times Jupiter’s mass).	Kappa Andromedae b, Kepler-1625b
Giant planets	A massive planet similar to Jupiter or Saturn. They are most commonly composed primarily of 'gas' (hydrogen and helium) or 'ice' (volatiles such as water, methane, and ammonia), but may also be composed primarily of 'rock', which would make one a Mega Earth.^[1] Regardless of their bulk compositions, giant planets normally have thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium.	Jupiter, Saturn
Super-Neptune	A planet that is more massive than the planet Neptune. These planets are generally described as being around 5–7 times as large as Earth with estimated masses of 20–80 `M`_E;	PH1b, K2-33b
Sub-Neptune	a planet with smaller radius than Neptune even though it may have a larger mass	HD 110067 (b, c, d, e, f and g)
Mini-Neptune	Also known as a gas dwarf or transitional planet. A planet up to 10 Earth masses, but less massive than Uranus and Neptune. Mini-Neptunes have thick hydrogen–helium atmospheres, probably with deep layers of ice, rock or liquid oceans (made of water, ammonia, a mixture of both, or heavier volatiles).	HD 63433 c
Mega-Earth	Proposed neologism for a massive terrestrial exoplanet that is at least ten times the mass of Earth	Kepler-10c
Super-Earth	An extrasolar planet with a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below the mass of the Solar System's smaller gas giants Uranus and Neptune, which are 14.5 and 17.1 Earth masses respectively.	Kepler-10b, Gliese 667 Cc
Sub-Earth	A classification of planets "substantially less massive" than Earth and Venus.	Mercury, Kepler-37b, Barnard b

By orbital regime

Planet type	Description	Examples
Circumbinary planet	An exoplanet that orbits two stars.	PH1b, Kepler-16b
Circumtriple planet	An exoplanet that orbits three stars.	Gliese 900 b
Double planet	Also known as a binary planet. Two planetary-mass objects orbiting each other.	OGLE-2017-BLG-0380Lb^[2]
Eccentric Jupiter	A gas giant that orbits its star in an eccentric orbit.	HD 80606 b, HD 20782 b
Cold Jupiter	A Jupiter-like exoplanet with a semi-major axis over 1 AU.^[3]	Jupiter, Saturn, Gliese 777 b
Warm Jupiter	A Jupiter-like exoplanet with an orbital period between 10 and 200 days^[4] or a semi-major axis between 0.1 and 1 AU.^[5]	TOI-5542 b
Exoplanet	A planet that does not orbit the Sun, but a different star, a stellar remnant, or a brown dwarf.	Proxima Centauri b, 51 Pegasi b
Extragalactic planet	An exoplanet outside the Milky Way.	M51-ULS-1b (unconfirmed)
Goldilocks planet	A planet with an orbit that falls within the star's habitable zone. The name derives from the fairy tale "Goldilocks and the Three Bears", in which a little girl chooses from sets of three items, ignoring the ones that are too extreme (large or small, hot or cold, etc.), and settling on the one in the middle, which is "just right".	Kepler-186f, 38 Virginis b
Hot Jupiter	A class of extrasolar planets whose characteristics are similar to Jupiter, but that have high surface temperatures because they orbit very close—between approximately 0.015 and 0.5 AU (2.2×10^⁶ and 74.8×10^⁶ km)—to their parent stars, whereas Jupiter orbits its parent star (the Sun) at 5.2 AU (780×10^⁶ km), causing low surface temperatures.	51 Pegasi b, HD 209458 b, KELT-9b
Hot Neptune	An extrasolar planet in an orbit close to its star (normally less than one astronomical unit away), with a mass similar to that of Uranus or Neptune.	Gliese 436 b, LTT 9779 b
Inferior planets	Planets whose orbits lie within the orbit of Earth.^{[nb 1]}	Mercury and Venus
Inner planet	A planet in the Solar System that have orbits smaller than the asteroid belt.^{[nb 2]}	Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
Outer planet	A planet in the Solar System beyond the asteroid belt, and hence refers to the gas giants.	Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
Pulsar planet	A planet that orbits a pulsar or a rapidly rotating neutron star.	PSR B1257+12 A, B and C
Rogue planet	Also known as an interstellar planet. A planet that is not bound to any star, stellar remnant or brown dwarf.	OGLE-2016-BLG-1928
Superior planets	Planets whose orbits lie outside the orbit of Earth.^{[nb 1]}	Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
Trojan planet	A planet co-orbiting with another planet. The discovery of a pair of co-orbital exoplanets has been reported, but later retracted.^[6] One possibility for the habitable zone is a trojan planet of a gas giant close to its star.	GJ 3470 c (unconfirmed)

By composition

Planet type	Description	Example
Chthonian planet	An extrasolar planet that orbits close to its parent star. Most Chthonian planets are expected to be gas giants that had their atmospheres stripped away, leaving their cores.	TOI-849b (candidate)
Carbon planet	A theoretical terrestrial planet that could form if protoplanetary discs are carbon-rich and oxygen-poor.	PSR B1257+12 A, B and C (candidates)
Coreless planet	A theoretical planet that has undergone planetary differentiation but has no metallic core. Not to be confused with the Hollow Earth concept.	Ceres (candidate)
Desert planet	A terrestrial planet with an arid surface consistency similar to Earth's deserts.	Mars
Gas dwarf	A low-mass planet composed primarily of hydrogen and helium.	GJ 1214 b
Gas giant	A massive planet composed primarily of hydrogen and helium.	Saturn, Jupiter, 70 Virginis b
Helium planet	A theoretical planet that may form via mass loss from a low-mass white dwarf. Helium planets are predicted to have roughly the same diameter as hydrogen–helium planets of the same mass.
Hycean planet	A hypothetical type of habitable planet described as a hot, water-covered planet with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.	TOI-270 d, K2-18b (candidates)
Ice giant	A giant planet composed mainly of 'ice'—volatile substances heavier than hydrogen and helium, such as water, methane, and ammonia—as opposed to 'gas' (hydrogen and helium).	Neptune, Uranus, Gliese 436 b, GJ 3470 b
Ice planet	A planet with a solid, icy surface.	OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, Ceres
Iron planet	A planet that consists primarily of an iron-rich core with little or no mantle, such as Mercury.	K2-137b, LHS 3844 b (candidates)
Lava planet	A theoretical terrestrial planet with a surface mostly or entirely covered by molten lava.	Kepler-10b, Kepler-78b
Ocean planet	A theoretical planet which has a substantial fraction of its mass made of water.	Earth, Kepler-22b (candidate)
Protoplanet	A large planetary embryo that originates within protoplanetary discs and has undergone internal melting to produce differentiated interiors. Protoplanets are believed to form out of kilometer-sized planetesimals that attract each other gravitationally and collide.	PDS 70 b and c, AB Aurigae b
Puffy planet	A gas giant with a large radius and very low density which is similar to or lower than Saturn's.	TrES-4
Soot planet	"Soot" in this context really means "refractory organic carbon”, an organic carbon compound rich in carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that commonly goes by the acronym CHON.^[7]	Titan (moon)
Steam world	A planet with an atmosphere made of steam H₂O	GJ 9827 d
Super-puff	A type of exoplanet with a mass only a few times larger than Earth's but with a radius larger than that of Neptune, giving it a very low mean density.	Kepler-51b, c and d
Silicate planet	A terrestrial planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks. All four inner planets in the Solar System are silicon-based.	Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
Terrestrial planet	Also known as a telluric planet or rocky planet. A planet that is composed primarily of carbonaceous or silicate rocks or metals.	Solar System inner planets, TRAPPIST-1b, Kepler-37b

Other types

Planet type	Description	Example
Catastrophically evaporating planet	a type of rocky exoplanet that is in the final stage of its existence as it evaporates away due to its high temperature due to being extremely close to its star and because of its low-mass.	BD+05 4868Ab
Classical planets	The planets as known during classical antiquity: the Moon, the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
Earth analog	A planet or even a superhabitable planet with conditions to be compared with those found on Earth.	Teegarden b and c, KOI-4878.01 (unconfirmed)
Jupiter analogue	A planet whose physical and orbital characteristics are comparable to those of Jupiter.	HIP 11915 b, Ægir, Gliese 832 b
Hypothetical planet	A planet or similar body whose existence is not proven, but is believed by some to exist.	KOI-4878.01, FU Orionis Ab

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c The terms "inferior planet" and "superior planet" were originally used in the geocentric cosmology of Claudius Ptolemy to differentiate as 'inferior' those planets (Mercury and Venus) whose epicycle remained collinear with Earth and the Sun, compared to the 'superior' planets (Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) that did not.
^ The four inner or terrestrial planets have dense, rocky compositions, few or no moons, and no ring systems. They are composed largely of refractory minerals, such as the silicates, which form their crusts and mantles, and metals, such as iron and nickel, which form their cores. Three of the four inner planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) have atmospheres substantial enough to generate weather; all have impact craters and tectonic surface features, such as rift valleys and volcanoes. The term inner planet should not be confused with inferior planet, which designates those planets that are closer to the Sun than Earth is (i.e. Mercury and Venus).

References

^ "The Outer Planets: Giant Planets: What Are They, and Where Are They?". lasp.colorado.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
^ "Abstract Details | ASI 2024". www.astron-soc.in. Retrieved 2025-01-22.
^ The Super Earth–Cold Jupiter Relations, Wei Zhu (祝伟) and Yanqin Wu (武延庆), 2018 August 10
^ WARM JUPITERS ARE LESS LONELY THAN HOT JUPITERS: CLOSE NEIGHBORS, Chelsea Huang, Yanqin Wu, and Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, 2016 July 6
^ WARM JUPITERS FROM SECULAR PLANET–PLANET INTERACTIONS, Cristobal Petrovich and Scott Tremaine, 2016 September 29
^ "Two planets found sharing one orbit". New Scientist. 24 February 2011.
^ Li,Jie et al, Soot Planets instead of Water Worlds, 2025, https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.16781

External links

[InferiorSuperior-6] The terms "inferior planet" and "superior planet" were originally used in the geocentric cosmology of Claudius Ptolemy to differentiate as 'inferior' those planets (Mercury and Venus) whose epicycle remained collinear with Earth and the Sun, compared to the 'superior' planets (Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) that did not.

[Inner-7] The four inner or terrestrial planets have dense, rocky compositions, few or no moons, and no ring systems. They are composed largely of refractory minerals, such as the silicates, which form their crusts and mantles, and metals, such as iron and nickel, which form their cores. Three of the four inner planets (Venus, Earth and Mars) have atmospheres substantial enough to generate weather; all have impact craters and tectonic surface features, such as rift valleys and volcanoes. The term inner planet should not be confused with inferior planet, which designates those planets that are closer to the Sun than Earth is (i.e. Mercury and Venus).

[1] "The Outer Planets: Giant Planets: What Are They, and Where Are They?". lasp.colorado.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-21.

[2] "Abstract Details | ASI 2024". www.astron-soc.in. Retrieved 2025-01-22.

[3] The Super Earth–Cold Jupiter Relations, Wei Zhu (祝伟) and Yanqin Wu (武延庆), 2018 August 10

[4] WARM JUPITERS ARE LESS LONELY THAN HOT JUPITERS: CLOSE NEIGHBORS, Chelsea Huang, Yanqin Wu, and Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, 2016 July 6

[5] WARM JUPITERS FROM SECULAR PLANET–PLANET INTERACTIONS, Cristobal Petrovich and Scott Tremaine, 2016 September 29

[8] "Two planets found sharing one orbit". New Scientist. 24 February 2011.

[9] Li,Jie et al, Soot Planets instead of Water Worlds, 2025, https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.16781

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Epstein Files Full PDF

By mass regime

By orbital regime

By composition

Other types

See also

Notes

References

External links