Foshan
佛山市 Fatshan; Fat-shun | |
|---|---|
Foshan TV Tower Century Lotus Sports Center Museum of Cantonese Opera | |
| Nickname: 禅 (Chan) | |
 Location of Foshan in Guangdong | |
 Interactive map of Foshan | |
| Coordinates (Foshan municipal government): 23°01′17″N 113°07′18″E / 23.0214°N 113.1216°E | |
| Country | China |
| Province | Guangdong |
| Municipal seat | Chancheng District |
| Government | |
| • CPC Committee Secretary | Zheng Ke (郑轲) |
| • Mayor | Bai Tao (白涛) |
| Area | |
| 3,848 km2 (1,486 sq mi) | |
| • Water | 690 km2 (270 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 3,848 km2 (1,486 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 19,870.4 km2 (7,672.0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 16 m (52 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 9,498,863 | |
| • Density | 2,469/km2 (6,393/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 9,042,500 |
| • Urban density | 2,350/km2 (6,086/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 65,594,622 |
| • Metro density | 3,301.12/km2 (8,549.87/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 1.759 trillion US$ 166.8 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 127,085 US$ 19,699 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard Time) |
| Postal code | 528000 |
| Area code | (0)757 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-GD-06 |
| Licence plate prefixes |
|
| Website | foshan |
.jpg)
| Foshan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg) "Foshan" in Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 佛山 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Fóshān | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Yale | Fahtsàan or Fahtsāan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postal | Fatshan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Buddha Mountain" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Foshan (UK: /foʊˈʃæn/, US also /-ˈʃɑːn/; Chinese: 佛山) or Fatshan (also Fatsan, Jyutping: Fat6saan1) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong Province, China. The entire prefecture covers 3,848 km2 (1,486 sq mi) and had a population of 9,498,863 as of the 2020 census. The city is part of the western side of the Pearl River Delta megalopolis, a conurbation housing 86,100,000 inhabitants, making it the biggest urban area of the world.
Foshan is regarded as the home of Cantonese opera, a genre of Chinese opera; Nanquan, a martial art; and lion dancing.
Name
Fóshān is the pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name 佛山, based on its Mandarin pronunciation. The Postal Map spelling "Fatshan" derives from the same name's local Cantonese pronunciation. Other romanizations include Fat-shan[3][4] and Fat-shun.[5] Foshan means "Buddha Mountain" and, despite the more famous present-day statue of Guanyin (or Kwanyin) on Mount Xiqiao, who isn't a Buddha, it refers to a smaller hill near the centre of town where three bronze sculptures of Buddha were discovered in AD 628. The town grew up around a monastery founded nearby that was destroyed in 1391.[6]
History
Pre-20th century
Foshan remained a minor settlement on the Fen River for most of China's history. It developed around a Tang-era Buddhist monastery that was destroyed in 1391.[6] The Foshan Ancestral Temple, a Taoist temple to the Northern God (Beidi) that was rebuilt in 1372, became the new focus of the community by the 15th century.[6] Foshan had grown into one of the four great markets in China, primarily on the strength of its local ceramics but also on account of its metalwork.[7] Soon its harbor on the Fen River was limited to ships of a thousand tons' burden but it remained well connected with Guangdong's other ports.[7] By the 19th century, Foshan was considered by the English as the "Birmingham of China", with its steel industry responsible for the consumption of the majority of the province's iron production.[5]
20th century and onwards
Foshan was connected to Guangzhou and Sanshui by rail in the early 20th century.[7] The Ancestral Temple was converted into the Foshan Municipal Museum upon the victory of the Communists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949.[citation needed]
Foshan remained primarily focused on ceramic and steel production until the 1950s, when it became an urbanizing political center. On 26 June 1951, it left Nanhai County to become a separate county-level city and, in 1954, it was made the seat of the prefectural government.[7] Its economy stagnated as a result of the Cultural Revolution—traditional ceramic ware was forbidden and its workshops were turned to producing Maoist and Revolutionary folderol—but it continued to grow, reaching 300,000 people by the 1970s, making it the province's second city after Guangzhou.[7]
As early as 1973, however, its agriculture and consumer industries were permitted to become an export production base and a modern highway linked it to Guangzhou soon after. This permitted its party secretary Tong Mengqing and mayor Yu Fei to take full advantage when Deng Xiaoping introduced the reform and opening up after the fall of the Gang of Four.[7]
In 1983, Foshan was promoted to a prefecture-level city with its former core becoming the new Chancheng District but lost the southwestern half of its former territory to Jiangmen.[7] On 8 December 2002, Shunde and Nanhai joined its urban core as a full district.[citation needed]
Since 2020, a Japanese-themed street in Foshan has become a hit with young people unable to travel abroad due to the coronavirus pandemic.[8] The 100m-long road called Ichiban Street has been outfitted by a local property developer to resemble famous commercial streets in Japan, complete with a sakura tree, an icon of Japan.[8] The "exotic" street is attracting young people from nearby cities like Guangzhou, Zhongshan and Zhuhai as the younger Chinese generation likes many things about Japanese culture and design.[8] In late 2020, the street was temporarily closed, renamed, and some of its signs were adjusted.[9]
Geography
Foshan lies on the Fen River in the estuaries making up the west side of the Pearl River Delta. Guangzhou lies 25 kilometers (16 mi) to the northeast, Zhongshan to the southeast, Jiangmen to the south, Qingyuan to the north, and Zhaoqing to the west.[10]
Climate
Foshan experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa).
| Climate data for Foshan (Nanhai District), elevation 30 m (98 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.7 (87.3) |
34.5 (94.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.1 (98.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
38.5 (101.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
34.2 (93.6) |
30.6 (87.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
30.5 (86.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.6 (92.5) |
32.2 (90.0) |
29.4 (84.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
27.0 (80.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.1 (82.6) |
25.1 (77.2) |
20.7 (69.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
22.9 (73.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
20.3 (68.5) |
23.7 (74.7) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
12.6 (54.7) |
20.0 (67.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
2.3 (36.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.3 (73.9) |
19.6 (67.3) |
10.7 (51.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53.1 (2.09) |
54.4 (2.14) |
95.8 (3.77) |
161.5 (6.36) |
260.9 (10.27) |
308.1 (12.13) |
226.6 (8.92) |
266.3 (10.48) |
211.1 (8.31) |
78.7 (3.10) |
42.2 (1.66) |
35.2 (1.39) |
1,793.9 (70.62) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.2 | 9.3 | 13.8 | 14.6 | 17.2 | 18.5 | 16.5 | 15.8 | 12.3 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 141.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 71 | 76 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 77 | 77 | 74 | 67 | 67 | 65 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 104.3 | 75.1 | 61.8 | 73.2 | 112.5 | 132.6 | 178.8 | 167.5 | 157.0 | 170.5 | 150.8 | 140.4 | 1,524.5 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 31 | 23 | 17 | 19 | 27 | 33 | 43 | 42 | 43 | 48 | 46 | 42 | 35 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[11][12] all-time extreme temperature[13] | |||||||||||||
Economy
Foshan has been well known for its ceramics since the Ming dynasty, although it was forced to cease production during the Cultural Revolution.[7]
Foshan had a ¥0.8 trillion gross domestic product in 2015,[needs update] raising its per capita GDP past $10,000.[citation needed] Shunde District in particular has a high manufacturing output, with its 3,000+ electronical appliance factories responsible for more than half of the world's air conditioners and refrigerators.[14] Foshan now has more than 30 towns specialized in particular industries, including furniture, machinery, and beverages.[14]
The Foshan Hi-Tech Development Zone, established in 1992, is a planned industrial area spanning 7.55 km² (2.92 sq mi). Its strategic location provides convenient access to major transportation networks, including proximity to the G325 national highway and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport. The zone is a hub for several key industries, notably automobile assembly, biotechnology, and chemicals processing.[15]
Administration
Foshan administers five county-level divisions, all of which are districts, including Chancheng, Nanhai, Sanshui, Gaoming and Shunde.
These are further divided into 32 township-level divisions, including 11 subdistricts and 21 towns.
Foshan is close to Guangzhou and considers its link with Guangzhou to be very important. As such, it is part of the Pearl River Delta and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area metropolis, centered on Guangzhou.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Language
Located in the Sanyi region, the local dialects are based on Cantonese and often used by the city natives, particularly among older generations.[citation needed] As the current national language, Mandarin is the lingua franca of government, business, and education—whereas the local dialects are used on informal occasions.
Transportation
In 2013 and 2014, Foshan planned to improve public transportation by putting forward six measures:[19]
FMetro
The first line of FMetro opened in 2010, and another two lines are completed in 2021 and 2022.
The existing line of FMetro network:
- Line 1 (Guangfo Line): From Xincheng Dong Station to Lijiao Station
- Line 2: From Nanzhuang Station to Guangzhou South Railway Station
- Line 3: From Shunde College Railway Station to Zhongshan Park Station & Lianhe Station to Foshan University Station
Rail
Foshan is a main interchange for railway routes linking Guangzhou, Hong Kong and western Guangdong Province.
Aviation
The city is served by Foshan Shadi Airport, and later the Pearl River Delta International Airport. It is also served by Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport.
Education
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (July 2020) |
Like other government schools in mainland China, Mandarin is the primary language of instruction in Foshan's government schools.[citation needed]
Universities
- Foshan University
- South China Normal University (Foshan campus)
- Southern Medical University (Shunde campus)
- Guangdong University of Finance & Economics (Sanshui campus)
Schools
Sports
Foshan was one of the host cities for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.[20]
The city hosted events during the 2010 Asian Games. Synchronized swimming at the Foshan Aquatics Center and boxing at the Foshan Gymnasium.[21]
In October 2014, the city hosted The Foshan Open golf event on the European Challenge Tour.[22]
Two professional football teams have played in Foshan. From 1989 to 1997, Foshan Fosti (now disbanded) played at the New Plaza Stadium in Chancheng (now demolished). Foshan Fosti mainly played in the second tier, but did play in the eight team top tier in 1993. In 2007, newly created Guangdong Sunray Cave played at Nanhai District Stadium (now demolished), before moving to the Century Lotus Stadium in 2008. Sunray Cave then moved to Guangzhou, although did play the final games of the 2013 China League One back at Century Lotus Stadium. They returned to Guangzhou in 2014 and then disbanded.[23]
Destinations
- Crowne Plaza Foshan Hotel
- Foshan Ancestral Temple (Zumiao)
- Nanfeng Kiln
- Liang's Garden
- Wong Fei-hung Memorial Hall
Sister cities
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2020) |
Itami, Hyōgo Japan
La Possession, Réunion, France (since 1989)[24]
Port Louis, Mauritius
Oakland, California, United States- Stockton, California, United States
Markham, Ontario, Canada (Friendly co-operative)
Townsville, Queensland, Australia
Medway, United Kingdom
Starogard Gdański, Poland
St. George's, Grenada
Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany (since 2013)[25][26]
Notable people
- Au Tak (1840–1920), Hong Kong entrepreneur
- Jeremy Bray (1930–2002), British politician
- Cai Feihu (born 1964), professor, engineer and businessman
- Cao Yuanhang (born 1991), Paralympian
- Sun Chan (born 1932), Peruvian-Chinese artist
- Chan Wah-shun (c.1836–1906), martial arts teacher of Ip Man
- Chen Jintao (1870–1939), technocrat who founded the Bank of China
- Cheok Hong Cheong (1851–1928), Australian missionary, political activist, writer, and businessman
- Cheng Yu-tung (1925–2016), Hong Kong billionaire
- Cheung Wing-sing (1897–1960), wife of Wing Chun master Ip Man
- Chin Siu-ho (born 1963), Hong Kong actor and martial artist
- Chow Chi-yuen[citation needed] (1900–1971), Hong Kong entrepreneur and the founder of Chow Tai Fook
- Chow Kwen Lim (1928–2016), founder and the chairman of Chow Sang Sang Jewellery Company
- Dang Fong (1877 or 1879–1955), disciple of the Chinese Kung Fu folk hero Wong Fei Hung
- Eu Tong Sen (1877 -1941), businessman in Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong
- Feng Feng (born 1968), footballer
- Foo Ping-sheung (1895–1965), diplomat and politician in the early Republic of China and later in Taiwan
- Fung Jing Toy (c.1864–1897), American gangster
- Stanley Fung (born 1945), Hong Kong actor and film director
- Merdan Ghappar, model and prisoner
- He Xiangjian (born 1942), co-founder of Midea Group
- Hu Zaobin (1897–1942), painter
- Huang Mingda, diplomat
- Huang Shaoqiang, (1901–1942), artist
- Ip Ching (1936–2020), Hong Kong martial artist
- Ip Chun (born 1924), martial artist and actor in the style of Wing Chun
- Ip Man (1893–1972), Wing Chun grandmaster and instructor of Bruce Lee
- Kang Youwei (1858–1927), political thinker and reformer in China of the late Qing dynasty
- Ko Lai Chak (born 1976), Hong Kong table tennis player
- Kwong Wui Chun (c.1955), Hong Kong businessman
- Lai Shanzhang (born 1992), Paralympic cyclist
- Lam Cho (1910–2012), Hung Ga Grandmaster
- Lam Sai-wing (1861–1943), Hung Gar martial artist
- Law Kar-ying (born 1946), Hong Kong Cantonese opera singer and actor
- Lee Heung-kam (1932–2021), Hong Kong Cantonese opera singer and actress
- Lee Hoi-chuen (1901–1965), opera singer and actor
- Lee Shau-kee (born 1928), Hong Kong business magnate, investor, and philanthropist
- Leung Bik (1843–1911), Wing Chun martial artist
- Leung Chu Yan (born 1979), Hong Kong table tennis player
- Leung Jan (1826–1901), Wing Chun master, doctor and instructor of Ip Man
- Li Jian (born 1989), footballer
- Li Wenfan (1884–1953), revolutionary and politician
- Li Yingjian (born 1991), footballer
- Li Zhaohuan (1898–1969), educator, politician and banker
- Li Ziliu (1932–2022), politician
- Liang Dunyan (1857–1924), Qing dynasty diplomat and politician
- Liang Jiahong (born 1988), sprinter
- Liang Shiyi (1869–1933), minister who served as premier of China
- Liang Yanfen (born 2000), Paralympic athlete
- Liang Youyu (1521–1556), Ming dynasty scholar
- Lin Liang (c.1424－1500), imperial painter
- Anqi Luo (born 1996), Canadian table tennis player
- Luo Zhi (1915–1949), revolutionary activist and leader in Xinjiang
- Ma Man-kei (1919–2014), Chinese-Macanese businessman, tycoon, entrepreneur and politician
- Ma Yexin (born 1999), tennis player
- Mai Shaoyan (born 1979), field hockey player
- Evergreen Mak Cheung-ching (born 1968), Hong Kong actor
- Mok Kwai-lan (1892–1982), fourth spouse of Lingnan martial arts grandmaster Wong Fei-hung
- Antonio Ng (born 1957), Macanese politician
- Ou Daren (1516–1596) Ming dynasty scholar
- Ou Mengjue (1906–1992), politician
- Ou Shizi (1234–1324), Song dynasty scholar
- Pan Kou-ang (born 1939), Taiwanese former sports shooter
- Pan Nam (1911–1995), martial artist and Grandmaster of the Wing Chun style
- Pu Jun Jin (born 1984), racing driver
- Quan Hansheng (1912–2001), economic historian
- Philip Rees (1877–1912), English medical missionary
- So Chan, martial artist and folk hero who lived during the late Qing dynasty
- So Cheung-wing (born 1960), Hong Kong businessman and politician
- Su Changlan (born c.1971), civil rights activist
- Su Xiongfeng (born 1987), long jumper
- Tan Pingshan (1886–1956), revolutionary socialist
- Sun Ma Sze Tsang (1916–1997), Cantonese opera singer and actor in Hong Kong
- Wang Yue, (2009–2011), toddler whose death was attributed to the bystander effect.
- Wang Jingwei (1883–1944), politician
- Wong Fei Hung (1847–1925), Hung Ga master and doctor, honored at a memorial hall in Chancheng
- Wong Kei-ying (c.1815–1886), Hung Ga master, doctor, father of Wong Fei Hung and one of the members of the Ten Tigers of Canton
- Wong Wah-bo, martial artist and opera singer of the late Qing dynasty
- Wu Dixi (born 1962), badminton player
- Wu Jianren (1866–1910), writer of the late Qing period
- Wu Yee-sun (1900–2005), Hong Kong entrepreneur and billionaire
- Xu Liang (1893–1951), diplomat and politician in the Republic of China
- Yam Kim-fai (1912–1989), Cantonese opera actress
- Yang Guoqiang (born 1954), entrepreneur
- Yang Huiyan (born 1981), businesswoman billionaire
- Yang Jiechang (born 1956), contemporary artist
- Yau Lit (1864–1936), revolutionary
- Yuen Kay-shan (1889–1956), Grandmaster of Wing Chun
- Zhou Wanfeng (born 1979), field hockey player
- Zhang Yinhuan (1837–1900), ambassador
- Zheng Yanfen (1902–1990), politician affiliated with the Kuomintang
See also
References
- ^ "China: Guăngdōng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map". Citypopulation.de. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
- ^ 广东省统计局、国家统计局广东调查总队 (August 2016). 《广东统计年鉴－2016》. China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-7837-7. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XV (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Theodore Shabad (1956). China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of the Chinese People's Republic. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. p. 166. LCCN 55-11530. OCLC 916993074.
With the exception of Shiukwan on the Canton-Hankow railroad, Kwangtung's regional centers are situated along the coast, notably in the Canton delta. There, in addition to Canton, are the cities of Fatshan, Kongmoon and Shekki. The metropolis of western Kwangtung is Tsamkong, and Pakhoi is the chief town of the western panhandle.
- ^ a b Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
- ^ a b c McDermott, Joseph P., State and Court Ritual in China, p. 281.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Vogel, Ezra F. (October 1990). One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong under Reform. Harvard University Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780674639119. Archived from the original on 2016-10-30. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
- ^ a b c He, Huifeng (1 October 2020). "Chinese, unable to travel abroad, are flocking to a mock Japanese street in Guangdong". South China Morning Post.
- ^ "Popular Japanese street in Guangdong closed for 'correction'". South China Morning Post. 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2026-01-07.
- ^ Farrell, Samuel. "Foshan". Bing Maps. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ^ 疯传佛山周日有暴雪 气象台：不可能是真的 (in Simplified Chinese). Southern Metropolis Daily. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
- ^ a b Chan, Thomas (11 September 2015). "Foshan: From Buddhist Hill to World Manufacturing Centre". MacauHub. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^ "RightSite.asia | Foshan Hi-Tech Development Zone". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
- ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
- ^ Guangzhou Bureau of Statistics (广州市统计局) (August 2013). 《广州统计年鉴2013》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6651-0.
- ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
- ^ Foshan City Transportation Bureau home page Archived 2015-01-08 at the Wayback Machine Foshan City Transportation Bureau. Retrieved February 1, 2014
- ^ "FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 high-ranking LOC officials confirmed, FIBA to open three offices in China" (Press release). FIBA. 14 June 2016. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
- ^ "Guangzhou Asian Games Venues and Transportation". Archived from the original on 2019-04-19. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
- ^ "The Foshan Tour". European Challenge Tour. PGA European Tour. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
- ^ "Football in Foshan and why it matters – Wild East Football". wildeastfootball.geezerbuild.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2018-07-08.
- ^ "Ville de la Possession – Jumelages". Archived from the original on 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Stadt Ingolstadt – Aktuelles". Archived from the original on 2017-08-22. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
- ^ "Ingolstadt und Foshan". 24 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2017-09-21. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
External links
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
