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Kuttanacaiman - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kuttanacaiman Temporal range: Middle Miocene (Friasian-Mayoan) ~15.97–11.608 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauromorpha
Clade:	Archosauriformes
Order:	Crocodilia
Family:	Alligatoridae
Subfamily:	Caimaninae
Genus:	†Kuttanacaiman Salas-Gismondi et al., 2015
Type species
†Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis Salas-Gismondi et al., 2015

Kuttanacaiman is a monotypic genus of extinct caiman represented by the type species Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis. Kuttanacaiman lived in what is now the Amazon basin during the Middle Miocene, approximately 13 million years ago (Ma). The species was named in 2015 on the basis of one nearly complete skull and a second partial skull from the Pebas Formation near Iquitos, Peru. K. iquitosensis is characterized by a short, rounded snout and blunt teeth at the back of its jaws that were likely adapted to crushing freshwater bivalves. Its estimated total body length is 171.2 to 189.1 centimetres (5.62 to 6.20 ft).^[1]

Etymology

The genus name comes from the Quechua word kuttana, meaning "grinding or crushing machine", and its species name honors the Iquitos native peoples.

Habitat

Kuttanacaiman lived in Amazonia at a time before the Amazon River Basin was established; in its place was a massive wetland, called the Pebas Mega-Wetland System, that covered an approximate area of over 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) in a drainage basin east of the still forming Andes, which at the time were experiencing rapid uplift in certain parts. Kuttanacaiman coexisted with six other crocodylian species, including two other caiman species with crushing dentitions: Gnatusuchus pebasensis and Caiman wannlangstoni. Shells belonging to the bivalve genus Pachydon form thick fossil beds in the Pebas Formation and may have been a food source for Kuttanacaiman and these other caimans in swamps and marshes.^[1]

Taxonomy

A phylogenetic analysis published in 2015 indicates that Kuttanacaiman is one of the most basal members of the clade Caimaninae. Other basal caimanines such as Gnatusuchus and Globidentosuchus also possess crushing teeth, suggesting that this type of dentition was ancestral for the clade. Later caimanines, including most living species in the genus Caiman, have more generalized dentitions, but some species such as C. wannlangstoni and C. latirostris seem to have re-evolved crushing dentitions. Below is a cladogram showing this evolutionary pattern, with crushing-dentition caimanine species in bold:^[1]

Globidonta

Alligatorinae

	†Albertochampsa

	†Brachychampsa

	†Stangerochampsa

Caimaninae (caimans)

†Gnatusuchus pebasensis

†Globidentosuchus brachyrostris

†Eocaiman cavernensis

†Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis

	†Purussaurus spp.

	†Mourasuchus spp.

	†Tsoabichi greenriverensis

	†Necrosuchus ionensis

	Paleosuchus spp.

Jacarea

†Centenariosuchus gilmorei

	Caiman crocodilus

	Caiman yacare

†Caiman brevirostris

Caiman latirostris

†Caiman wannlangstoni

†La Venta caiman

†Melanosuchus fisheri

Melanosuchus niger

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Salas-Gismondi, R.; Flynn, J. J.; Baby, P.; Tejada-Lara, J. V.; Wesselingh, F. P.; Antoine, P. -O. (2015). "A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1804): 20142490. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490. PMC 4375856. PMID 25716785.

Extinct crocodilians

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Clade: Pseudosuchia
Clade: Eusuchia

Pseudosuchia

- see Pseudosuchia

Neosuchia

see Neosuchia
Crocodilia	see below↓

Basal crocodilians

Mekosuchinae	Australosuchus? Baru Harpacochampsa? Kalthifrons Kambara Mekosuchus Paludirex Quinkana? Trilophosuchus Ultrastenos Volia
Others	Albertosuchus Arenysuchus? Asiatosuchus Borealosuchus? Brachyuranochampsa Charactosuchus "Crocodylus" acer "Crocodylus" affinis Portugalosuchus? Pristichampsus? Prodiplocynodon Planocraniidae?

Alligatoroidea

Globidonta

Albertochampsa Arambourgia Brachychampsa Ceratosuchus Deinosuchus? Eocaiman Hassiacosuchus Leidyosuchus? Navajosuchus Procaimanoidea? Stangerochampsa
Orientalosuchina	Dongnanosuchus Eoalligator Eurycephalosuchus Jiangxisuchus Krabisuchus Orientalosuchus Protoalligator

Alligatoridae

Alligatorinae

Akanthosuchus? Allognathosuchus Arambourgia? Ceratosuchus? Chrysochampsa Hassiacosuchus? Navajosuchus? Procaimanoidea? Wannaganosuchus?
Alligator	A. hailensis A. mcgrewi A. mefferdi A. munensis A. olseni A. prenasalis A. thomsoni

Caimaninae

Acresuchus Bottosaurus Brachychampsa? Centenariosuchus Ceratosuchus? Chinatichampsus Culebrasuchus Eocaiman? Globidentosuchus Gnatusuchus Kuttanacaiman Mourasuchus Necrosuchus Orthogenysuchus Paranacaiman Paranasuchus Protocaiman Purussaurus Stangerochampsa? Tsoabichi Wannaganosuchus?
Melanosuchus	M. fisheri M. latrubessei
Caiman	C. australis C. brevirostris C. gasparinae C. venezuelensis C. wannlangstoni

"Crocodylus" megarhinus? Kinyang? Quinkana? Tzaganosuchus? Voay
Crocodylus	C. anthropophagus C. checchiai C. falconensis C. palaeindicus C. thorbjarnarsoni

Gavialoidea

Gavialidae

Sacacosuchus

Tomistominae
sensu stricto

Brasilosuchus? Gavialosuchus? Melitosaurus Paratomistoma? Thecachampsa?
Tomistoma	T. calaritanum? T. gaudense? T. lusitanicum? T. taiwanicum?

Gavialinae
sensu lato

Aktiogavialis Dadagavialis Gavialosuchus? Gryposuchus Hanyusuchus Harpacochampsa? Hesperogavialis Ikanogavialis Maomingosuchus? Paratomistoma? Penghusuchus Piscogavialis Rhamphosuchus Siquisiquesuchus Sutekhsuchus "Tomistoma" cairense? "Tomistoma" coppensi Toyotamaphimeia
Gavialis	G. bengawanicus G. breviceps? G. browni? G. curvirostris? G. leptodus? G. lewisi? G. pachyrhynchus? G. papuensis?

See also: Brevirostres
Gryposuchinae

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