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Gavialinae - Wikipedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gavialinae Temporal range: Early Miocene-recent, 20–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Late Cretaceous records, but see^[1]

Indian gharial, Gavialis gangeticus

Hanyusuchus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauromorpha
Clade:	Archosauriformes
Order:	Crocodilia
Family:	Gavialidae
Subfamily:	Gavialinae Nopcsa, 1923
Genera
†Aktiogavialis †Argochampsa? †Dadagavialis †Eogavialis? †Eosuchus? †Eothoracosaurus? Gavialis †Gavialosuchus? †Gryposuchus †Hanyusuchus †Harpacochampsa? †Hesperogavialis †Ikanogavialis †Maomingosuchus? †Ocepesuchus †Paratomistoma? †Penghusuchus †Piscogavialis †Rhamphosuchus †Siquisiquesuchus †Sutekhsuchus †Thoracosaurus? †Toyotamaphimeia

Gavialinae is a subfamily of large semiaquatic crocodilian reptiles, resembling crocodiles, but with much thinner snouts. Gavialinae is one of the two major subfamilies within the family Gavialidae - the other being the subfamily Tomistominae, which contains the false gharial and extinct relatives.

Classification

Gavialinae was first proposed by Nopcsa in 1923, and was cladistically defined by Brochu in 2003 as Gavialis gangeticus (the gharial) and all crocodylians more closely related to it than to Tomistoma schlegelii (the false gharial).^[2] This is a stem-based definition for gavialinae, and means that it includes more basal extinct gavialine ancestors that are more closely related to the gharial than to the false gharial.

The false gharial was once thought to be only distantly related to the gharial despite its similar appearance. The false gharial and other tomistomines were traditionally classified within the superfamily Crocodyloidea as close relatives of crocodiles, based solely on morphological evidence.^[3] However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have found that they are in fact more closely related to each other than any other extant (living) crocodilian.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

The placement of extinct gavialids between Gavialinae and Tomistominae is unresolved.

The below cladogram is from the 2022 Iijima et al. study:^[8]

Crocodyloidea

Gavialoidea

†Maroccosuchus zennaroi

†Megadontosuchus arduini

†Dollosuchoides densmorei

†Xaymacachampsa kugleri

	†Kentisuchus astrei

	†Kentisuchus spenceri

Gavialidae

†Tomistoma cairense

†Tomistoma coppensi

†Maomingosuchus petrolica

Tomistominae

Tomistoma schlegelii, false gharial

†Tomistoma lusitanicum

†Gavialosuchus eggenburgensis

†Melitosaurus champsoides

†Tomistoma calaritanum

†Tomistoma gaudense

	†Thecachampsa carolinensis

	†Thecachampsa antiqua

Gavialinae

†Paratomistoma courti

†Penghusuchus pani

	†Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis

	†Hanyusuchus sinensis

	†Eosuchus lerichei

	†Eosuchus minor

†Ocepesuchus eoafricanus

†Eothoracosaurus mississippiensis

	†Thoracosaurus macrorhynchus

	†Thoracosaurus neocesariensis

†Aktiogavialis puertoricensis

†Eogavialis africanum

†Argochampsa krebsi

†Piscogavialis jugaliperforatus

†Ikanogavialis gameroi

†Siquisiquesuchus venezuelensis

†Dadagavialis gunai

†Gryposuchus neogaeus

†Gryposuchus croizati

	†Aktiogavialis caribesi

	†Gryposuchus pachakamue

†Gryposuchus colombianus

†Rhamphosuchus crassidens

†Myanmar gavialid

†Gavialis lewisi

†Gavialis bengawanicus

	Gavialis gangeticus, gharial

	†Siwalik Gavialis

References

^ Brochu, Christopher A. (2004). "A new Late Cretaceous gavialoid crocodylian from eastern North America and the phylogenetic relationships of thoracosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (3). Christopher A. Brochu: 610. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0610:ANLCGC]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131176447. Retrieved May 3, 2003.
^ Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
^ ^a ^b Gatesy, Jorge; Amato, G.; Norell, M.; DeSalle, R.; Hayashi, C. (2003). "Combined support for wholesale taxic atavism in gavialine crocodylians" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 403–422. doi:10.1080/10635150309329. PMID 12775528.
^ Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bollback, J. P.; Parsons, T. J.; Braun, M. J. (2003). "True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386–402. doi:10.1080/10635150309323. PMID 12775527. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
^ Gatesy, J.; Amato, G. (2008). "The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (3): 1232–1237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009. PMID 18372192.
^ Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.
^ Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8079395. PMID 33907305.
^ Iijima M, Qiao Y, Lin W, Peng Y, Yoneda M, Liu J (2022). "An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1970): Article ID 20220085. doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.0085. PMC 8905159. PMID 35259993. S2CID 247295536.

Extant Crocodilian species

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
(unranked): Archosauria
Superorder: Crocodylomorpha

Family Alligatoridae (Alligators and caimans)

Alligatorinae
(Alligators)

Alligator	American alligator (A. mississippiensis) Chinese alligator (A. sinensis)

Caimaninae
(Caimans)

Caiman	Spectacled caiman (C. crocodilus) Broad-snouted caiman (C. latirostris) Yacare caiman (C. yacare)
Melanosuchus	Black caiman (M. niger)
Paleosuchus	Cuvier's dwarf caiman (P. palpebrosus) Smooth-fronted caiman (P. trigonatus)

Family Crocodylidae (True crocodiles)

Crocodylinae

Crocodylus

Osteolaeminae

Mecistops	West African slender snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus) Central African slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops leptorhynchus)
Osteolaemus	Dwarf crocodile (O. tetraspis) Osborn’s dwarf crocodile (O. osborni)

Family Gavialidae

Gavialis	Gharial (G. gangeticus)
Tomistoma	False gharial (T. schlegelii)

Reptiles portal

Extinct crocodilians

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Clade: Pseudosuchia
Clade: Eusuchia

Pseudosuchia

- see Pseudosuchia

Neosuchia

see Neosuchia
Crocodilia	see below↓

Basal crocodilians

Mekosuchinae	Australosuchus? Baru Harpacochampsa? Kalthifrons Kambara Mekosuchus Paludirex Quinkana? Trilophosuchus Ultrastenos Volia
Others	Albertosuchus Arenysuchus? Asiatosuchus Borealosuchus? Brachyuranochampsa Charactosuchus "Crocodylus" acer "Crocodylus" affinis Portugalosuchus? Pristichampsus? Prodiplocynodon Planocraniidae?

Alligatoroidea

Globidonta

Albertochampsa Arambourgia Brachychampsa Ceratosuchus Deinosuchus? Eocaiman Hassiacosuchus Leidyosuchus? Navajosuchus Procaimanoidea? Stangerochampsa
Orientalosuchina	Dongnanosuchus Eoalligator Eurycephalosuchus Jiangxisuchus Krabisuchus Orientalosuchus Protoalligator

Alligatoridae

Alligatorinae

Akanthosuchus? Allognathosuchus Arambourgia? Ceratosuchus? Chrysochampsa Hassiacosuchus? Navajosuchus? Procaimanoidea? Wannaganosuchus?
Alligator	A. hailensis A. mcgrewi A. mefferdi A. munensis A. olseni A. prenasalis A. thomsoni

Caimaninae

Acresuchus Bottosaurus Brachychampsa? Centenariosuchus Ceratosuchus? Chinatichampsus Culebrasuchus Eocaiman? Globidentosuchus Gnatusuchus Kuttanacaiman Mourasuchus Necrosuchus Orthogenysuchus Paranacaiman Paranasuchus Protocaiman Purussaurus Stangerochampsa? Tsoabichi Wannaganosuchus?
Melanosuchus	M. fisheri M. latrubessei
Caiman	C. australis C. brevirostris C. gasparinae C. venezuelensis C. wannlangstoni

"Crocodylus" megarhinus? Kinyang? Quinkana? Tzaganosuchus? Voay
Crocodylus	C. anthropophagus C. checchiai C. falconensis C. palaeindicus C. thorbjarnarsoni

Gavialoidea

Gavialidae

Sacacosuchus

Tomistominae
sensu stricto

Brasilosuchus? Gavialosuchus? Melitosaurus Paratomistoma? Thecachampsa?
Tomistoma	T. calaritanum? T. gaudense? T. lusitanicum? T. taiwanicum?

Gavialinae
sensu lato

Aktiogavialis Dadagavialis Gavialosuchus? Gryposuchus Hanyusuchus Harpacochampsa? Hesperogavialis Ikanogavialis Maomingosuchus? Paratomistoma? Penghusuchus Piscogavialis Rhamphosuchus Siquisiquesuchus Sutekhsuchus "Tomistoma" cairense? "Tomistoma" coppensi Toyotamaphimeia
Gavialis	G. bengawanicus G. breviceps? G. browni? G. curvirostris? G. leptodus? G. lewisi? G. pachyrhynchus? G. papuensis?

See also: Brevirostres
Gryposuchinae

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