| Mendut | |
|---|---|
| Native name ꦩꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦠ꧀ (Javanese) | |
_-_img_01.jpg) Northen view of Candi Mendut | |
| Location | Magelang, Central Java |
| Coordinates | 7°36′20″S 110°13′44″E / 7.6055°S 110.229°E |
| Built | Originally built in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty |
| Restored | 1925 |
| Restored by | Theodoor van Erp |
| Architect | Gunadharma |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, vi |
| Designated | 1991 (15th session) |
| Part of | Borobudur Temple Compounds |
| Reference no. | 592 |
| Region | Southeast Asia |
  Location within Java  Mendut (Indonesia) | |
Mendut is a ninth-century Buddhist temple, located in Mendut village, Mungkid sub-district, Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. It is located about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) east of another temple, Borobudur, and along with Pawon forms a straight line of three temples. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples, although the exact ritual process is unknown.[1]
History
Built around the early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. According to the Karangtengah inscription, the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of the Shailendra dynasty. The inscription, dated 824 AD, mention that he constructed a sacred building named Venuvana, which means "bamboo forest". The Dutch archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected this description with Mendut.[2]
In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The temple's restoration began in 1897 and was finished in 1925. The archaeologists who researched the temple included JG de Casparis, Theodoor van Erp, and Arisatya Yogaswara.
Architecture
The plan of the temple's base is square, and measures 13.7 metres (45 ft) on each side, with the base level 3.7 metres (12 ft) above the ground.[3] The 26.4 metres (87 ft) tall temple faces northwest. The stairs projecting from the northwest side square elevated base are adorned with a Makara statue on each side. The side of the stairwell is carved with a bas-relief of a Jataka fable narrating the animal story of Buddhist teaching. The square terrace surrounding the body of the temple was meant for pradakshina, a circumambulation ritual that involves walking clockwise around the temple. The outer walls are adorned with bas-reliefs of Boddhisattvas (Buddhist divinities), including Avalokiteśvara, Maitreya, Cunda, Kṣitigarbha, Samantabhadra, Mahakarunika Avalokitesvara, Vajrapani, Manjushri, Ākāśagarbha, and Boddhisattvadevi Prajnaparamita.
Originally the temple had two chambers: a small chamber in the front, and a large main chamber in the center. The roof and some parts of the front chamber walls are missing. The uppermost part of the roof is missing; it is supposed to have a stupa pinnacle of a size and style probably similar to the one in Sojiwan temple. The inner wall of the front chamber is adorned with a bas-relief of Hariti surrounded by children, Atavaka on the other side, Kalpataru, and groups of devata divinities flying in heaven.
The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall statue of Dhyani Buddha Vairocana was meant to liberate the devotees from bodily karma. At the left is a statue of Boddhisatva Avalokiteśvara to liberate them from the karma of speech, and at the right is Boddhisatva Vajrapani to liberate from the karma of thought.[4]
Rituals
During the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia observe the annual Vesak ritual by walking from Mendut through Pawon to Borobudur.[5] The ritual takes the form of a mass Buddhist prayer and pradakshina (circumambulation) around the temple.
Both Buddhists and followers of traditional Kejawèn (Javanese mysticism) worshipped in the temple, which is believed to be able to fulfil wishes, such as deliverance from sickness.[3] Childless couples, for example, pray at the bas-relief of Hariti for a child, since in traditional Javanese beliefs, Hariti is a symbol of fertility, patroness of motherhood, and protector of children.[6]
Gallery
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Carvings on a side of the stairwell -
The bas-relief of Hariti on the inner northern wall of Mendut -
Bas-relief of Kalpataru -
Bas-relief of Dharmacakra and Crouching Deers beneath the plinth inside the temple -
Statue of the Vairocana Buddha -
Statue of the Padmapani (Avalokiteshvara) Bodhisattava -
Statue of the Vajrapani Bodhisattava -
Northeastern facade -
Destroyed temple on the northeast of Mendut Temple -
View from the base of the temple -
Mendut Buddhist Monastery, a present-day monastery located next to the site -
Candi Sangharājā in the Mendut Buddhist Monastery, built in the occasion of Vajirañāṇasaṃvara's 100th birthday
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See also
- Buddhism in Indonesia
- Candi of Indonesia
- Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
- Borobudur
- Banyunibo
- Ngawen
- Pawon
References
- ^ J. L. Moens (1951). "Barabudur, Mendut en Pawon en hun onderlinge samenhang (Barabudur, Mendut and Pawon and their mutual relationship)" (PDF). Tijdschrift voor de Indische Taai-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen: 326–386. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-10.
trans. by Mark Long
- ^ Daigorō Chihara (1996). Hindu-Buddhist architecture in Southeast Asia. p. 125. ISBN 9004105123.
- ^ a b "Candi Mendut". magelangkab.go.id (in Indonesian). Magelang Regency Government. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
- ^ The information board at the Mendut Temple vicinity
- ^ "The Meaning of Procession". Waisak. Walubi (Buddhist Council of Indonesia). Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- ^ "Candi Mendut : Sulit Punya Anak Memohon ke Dewi Kesuburan" (in Indonesian). Pos Metro Balikpapan. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
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External links
- Map of Mendut Temple from wikimapia
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