Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages

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Raja Ampat–South Halmahera
Halmahera Sea
Geographic distribution	Halmahera Sea and Raja Ampat Islands
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian Eastern Malayo-Polynesian South Halmahera–West New Guinea Raja Ampat–South Halmahera
Language codes
Glottolog	`raja1255`

The Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages are a branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages of eastern Indonesia. They are spoken on islands in the Halmahera Sea, and on its margins from the south-eastern coast of Halmahera to the Raja Ampat Islands off the western tip of New Guinea.

The languages of the Raja Ampat Islands show a strong Papuan substratum influence; it is not clear that they are actually Austronesian as opposed to relexified Papuan languages.^[1]

Remijsen (2001) and Blust (1978) linked the languages of Raja Ampat to the South Halmahera languages. David Kamholz (2014) breaks up Raja Ampat, so that the structure of the Halmahera Sea languages is as follows:^[2]

South Halmahera
Ambel–Biga: Waigeo (Ambel), Biga
As
Salawati
Maya–Matbat: Matbat, Ma'ya (Salawati, Laganyan (Legenyem), Wauyai, Kawe, Misool)

References

^ *Remijsen, Albert Clementina Ludovicus (2001). Word-prosodic systems of Raja Ampat languages (PDF). Utrecht: LOT. ISBN 978-90-76864-09-9.
^ Kamholz, David (2014). Austronesians in Papua: Diversification and change in South Halmahera–West New Guinea Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zg8b1vd

South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages

Cenderawasih

Biakic	Biak Dusner Meoswar Roon
Yapen	Ambai Ansus Busami Kurudu Munggui Marau Pom Papuma Serui-Laut Wabo Wandamen Woi
Southwest	Iresim Yaur Yeretuar

Halmahera Sea

South	Buli Gane Gebe Maba Patani Sawai Taba
Other	Ambel As Biga Maden Matbat Ma'ya

Other

Austronesian languages

Formosan

Malayo-Polynesian

Western

Philippine

Greater Barito*

Barito
Basap*

Greater North Borneo*

North Borneo *
- Sabahan
- North Sarawakan
Melanau–Kajang
Kayan–Murik
Land Dayak
Malayo–Chamic *
Sundanese
Rejang?
Moklenic?

Admiralty St. Matthias Temotu Southeast Solomonic Micronesian Central Pacific
Western	Meso-Melanesian North New Guinea Papuan Tip
Southern	Vanuatu North Central South Loyalties–New Caledonia

* indicates proposed status
? indicates classification dispute
† indicates extinct status

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

Official language

Indonesian
- Slang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Acehnese
- Bakongan
Anambas-Natuna Malay
Bacan Malay
Balinese
- Bali Aga
- Nusa Penida
Bamayo
Bangka Malay
Banjarese
Batubara Malay
Belitung Malay
Bengkulu
Berau Malay
Besemah
Bukit
Col/Lembak
Deli Malay
Duano'
Enim
Haji
Iban
- Mualang
- Seberuang
Jambi Malay
Jaring Halus Malay
Kangean
Kapuas Hulu Malay
Kaur
Kayong Malay
Kendayan
Keninjal
Kerinci
Ketapang Malay
Kotawaringin Malay
Kualuh Malay
Kubu
Kutainese
- Kota Bangun
- Tenggarong
Landak Malay
Langkat Malay
Loncong
Lubu
Madurese
- Bawean
- Sapudi
Minangkabau
- Jamee
- Kampar
- Kuantan
- Mukomuko
- Pesisir
Melawi Malay
Mempawah Malay
Musi
- Lematang
- Palembang
- Penesak
- Penukal
- Rawas
Ogan
Palu Malay
Panai Malay
Pekal
Pontianak Malay
Riau Malay
- Coastal Riau
- Pangaraian
- Rokan Hilir
- Siak
- Tembilahan
Sambas Malay
Sanggau Malay
Sasak
Sekadau Malay
Serdang Malay
Semende
Sintang Malay
Sumbawa
Sundanese
- Baduy
- Bantenese
- Brebes
- Priangan
Tamiang Malay

Javanesic

Javanese
- Arekan
- Banyumasan
- Cirebonese
- Indramayu
- Osing
- Serang
- Tenggerese
Kawi

Celebic

Lampungic

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Batak
- Alas
- Angkola
- Dairi
- Karo
- Mandailing
- Simalungun
- Toba
Enggano
Gayo
Mentawai
Nias
Simeulue
Sikule

Bah-Biau
Basap
Bukat
Bukitan
Kelabit
Kenyah
- Mainstream
Lengilu
Lun Bawang
Murut
- Okolod
- Selungai
- Sembakung
- Tagol
Punan Merap
Punan Tubu
Sa'ban
Sajau
Tidung
- Burusu
- Kalabakan
- Nonukan

Philippine languages

Central Philippine	Tausug
Gorontalo-Mongondow	Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa
Minahasan	Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan
Sangiric	Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

Aru	Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir
Central Maluku	Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hulaliu Kailolo Pelauw Rohomoni-Kabauw Hitu Hoti † Huaulu Hukumina † Hulung † Kaibobo Kamarian † Kayeli Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun † Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan
Flores–Lembata	Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika
Halmahera- Cenderawasih	Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam
Kei-Tanimbar	Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena
Micronesian	Mapia †
Selaru	Selaru Seluwasan
Sumba–Flores	Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa
Timor–Babar	Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar
Western Oceanic	Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna

Papuan languages

North Halmahera	Galela Gamkonora Kao Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tidore Tobelo Togutil Waioli West Makian
Timor–Alor–Pantar	Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika
Asmat–Mombum	Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan
West Bird's Head	Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit
South Bird's Head	Arandai Dombano Duriankari Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian
East Bird's Head	Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb
West Bomberai	Baham Iha Karas
Dani	Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali
Paniai Lakes	Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani
Digul River	Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon
Foja Range	Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou
Lakes Plain	Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai
East Cenderawasih Bay	Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria
Yawa	Saweru Yawa
Demta–Sentani	Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla
Ok	Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom
Momuna–Mek	Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai
Skou	Skou
South Pauwasi	Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim
East Pauwasi	Emem Zorop
West Pauwasi	Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku
Kaure–Kosare	Kaure Kosare
Marind–Yaqai	Bipim Marind Yaqay
Bulaka River	Maklew Yelmek
Kayagar	Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario
Border	Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris
Senagi	Dera
Mairasi	Mairasi Mer Semimi
Kolopom	Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana
Yam	Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei
Lower Mamberamo	Warembori Yoke
Others	Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Pyu Sumuri Tambora † Uhunduni

Other languages

Creoles and Pidgins

Malay-based creoles	Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Banda Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontalo Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay Maumere Malay North Moluccan Malay Sula Malay Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Serui Malay Peranakan Surabayan

Other creoles and pidgins	Bidau Creole Portuguese † Flores Creole Portuguese † Javindo Mardijker † Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis † Tansi Pidgin Tukang Besi

Immigrant languages

Chinese	Cantonese Fuqing Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Haklau Hokkien Medan Riau Hinghwa Mandarin Teochew
European	Dutch English Portuguese
Indian	Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu
Middle Eastern	Arabic Indonesian Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic
Others	Tagalog Filipino Japanese Korean

Sign languages

† indicate extinct languages

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