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12-bit computing - Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Computer architecture bit width
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Computer architecture bit widths
Bit
  • 1
  • 4
  • 8
  • 12
  • 16
  • 18
  • 24
  • 26
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 36
  • 45
  • 48
  • 60
  • 64
  • 128
  • 256
  • 512
  • bit slicing
Application
  • 8
  • 16
  • 32
  • 64
Binary floating-point precision
  • 16 (×½)
  • 24
  • 32 (×1)
  • 40
  • 64 (×2)
  • 80
  • 128 (×4)
  • 256 (×8)
Decimal floating-point precision
  • 32
  • 64
  • 128
  • v
  • t
  • e

In computer architecture, 12-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are 12 bits (1.5 octets) wide. Also, 12-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size.

Before the widespread adoption of ASCII in the late 1960s, six-bit character codes were common and a 12-bit word, which could hold two characters, was a convenient size. This also made it useful for storing a single decimal digit along with a sign. Possibly the best-known 12-bit CPUs are the PDP-8 and its descendants (such as the Intersil 6100 microprocessor), which were produced in various forms from August 1963 to mid-1990. Many analog to digital converters (ADCs) have a 12-bit resolution. Some PIC microcontrollers use a 12-bit instruction word but handle only 8-bit data.

12 binary digits, or 3 nibbles (a 'tribble'), have 4096 (10000 octal, 1000 hexadecimal) distinct combinations. Hence, a microprocessor with 12-bit memory addresses can directly access 4096 words (4 kW) of word-addressable memory. IBM System/360 instruction formats use a 12-bit displacement field which, added to the contents of a base register, can address 4096 bytes of memory in a region that begins at the address in the base register.

List of 12-bit computer systems

[edit]
Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8e, a 12-bit minicomputer introduced in 1970
  • Digital Equipment Corporation
    • PDP-5
    • PDP-8
      • DECmate, a personal computer based on the Intersil 6100
    • PDP-12
    • PDP-14
  • Ford EEC I automotive engine control unit
    • Toshiba TLCS-12 microprocessor[1]
  • Intersil IM6100 microprocessor (PDP-8-compatible)
  • Control Data Corporation
    • CDC 160 series computers
    • CDC 6600 - Peripheral Processor (PP)
  • National Cash Register NCR 315
  • Scientific Data Systems SDS 92
  • Nuclear Data, Inc. ND812
  • PC12 minicomputer
  • Ferranti Argus
  • LINC, later commercialized by DEC as the LINC-8

See also

[edit]
  • FAT12, a file system with 12-bit wide cluster entries

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "1973: 12-bit engine-control microprocessor (Toshiba)" (PDF). Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Retrieved 27 June 2019.

External links

[edit]
  • DIGITAL Computing Timeline: 12-bit architecture
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Processor technologies
Models
  • Abstract machine
  • Stored-program computer
  • Finite-state machine
    • with datapath
    • Hierarchical
    • Deterministic finite automaton
    • Queue automaton
    • Cellular automaton
    • Quantum cellular automaton
  • Turing machine
    • Alternating Turing machine
    • Universal
    • Post–Turing
    • Quantum
    • Nondeterministic Turing machine
    • Probabilistic Turing machine
    • Hypercomputation
    • Zeno machine
  • Belt machine
  • Stack machine
  • Register machines
    • Counter
    • Pointer
    • Random-access
    • Random-access stored program
Architecture
  • Microarchitecture
  • Von Neumann
  • Harvard
    • modified
  • Dataflow
  • Transport-triggered
  • Cellular
  • Endianness
  • Memory access
    • NUMA
    • HUMA
    • Load–store
    • Register/memory
  • Cache hierarchy
  • Memory hierarchy
    • Virtual memory
    • Secondary storage
  • Heterogeneous
  • Fabric
  • Multiprocessing
  • Cognitive
  • Neuromorphic
Instruction set
architectures
Types
  • Orthogonal instruction set
  • CISC
  • RISC
  • Application-specific
  • EDGE
    • TRIPS
  • VLIW
    • EPIC
  • MISC
  • OISC
  • NISC
  • ZISC
  • VISC architecture
  • Quantum computing
  • Comparison
    • Addressing modes
Instruction
sets
  • Motorola 68000 series
  • VAX
  • PDP-11
  • x86
  • ARM
  • Stanford MIPS
  • MIPS
  • MIPS-X
  • Power
    • POWER
    • PowerPC
    • Power ISA
  • Clipper architecture
  • SPARC
  • SuperH
  • DEC Alpha
  • ETRAX CRIS
  • M32R
  • Unicore
  • Itanium
  • OpenRISC
  • RISC-V
  • MicroBlaze
  • LMC
  • System/3x0
    • S/360
    • S/370
    • S/390
    • z/Architecture
  • Tilera ISA
  • VISC architecture
  • Epiphany architecture
  • Others
Execution
Instruction pipelining
  • Pipeline stall
  • Operand forwarding
  • Classic RISC pipeline
Hazards
  • Data dependency
  • Structural
  • Control
  • False sharing
Out-of-order
  • Scoreboarding
  • Tomasulo's algorithm
    • Reservation station
    • Re-order buffer
  • Register renaming
  • Wide-issue
Speculative
  • Branch prediction
  • Memory dependence prediction
Parallelism
Level
  • Bit
    • Bit-serial
    • Word
  • Instruction
  • Pipelining
    • Scalar
    • Superscalar
  • Task
    • Thread
    • Process
  • Data
    • Vector
  • Memory
  • Distributed
Multithreading
  • Temporal
  • Simultaneous
    • Hyperthreading
    • Simultaneous and heterogenous
  • Speculative
  • Preemptive
  • Cooperative
Flynn's taxonomy
  • SISD
  • SIMD
    • Array processing (SIMT)
    • Pipelined processing
    • Associative processing
    • SWAR
  • MISD
  • MIMD
    • SPMD
Processor
performance
  • Transistor count
  • Instructions per cycle (IPC)
    • Cycles per instruction (CPI)
  • Instructions per second (IPS)
  • Floating-point operations per second (FLOPS)
  • Transactions per second (TPS)
  • Synaptic updates per second (SUPS)
  • Performance per watt (PPW)
  • Cache performance metrics
  • Computer performance by orders of magnitude
Types
  • Central processing unit (CPU)
  • Graphics processing unit (GPU)
    • GPGPU
  • Vector
  • Barrel
  • Stream
  • Tile processor
  • Coprocessor
  • PAL
  • ASIC
  • FPGA
  • FPOA
  • CPLD
  • Multi-chip module (MCM)
  • System in a package (SiP)
  • Package on a package (PoP)
By application
  • Embedded system
  • Microprocessor
  • Microcontroller
  • Mobile
  • Ultra-low-voltage
  • ASIP
  • Soft microprocessor
Systems
on chip
  • System on a chip (SoC)
  • Multiprocessor (MPSoC)
  • Cypress PSoC
  • Network on a chip (NoC)
Hardware
accelerators
  • Coprocessor
  • AI accelerator
  • Graphics processing unit (GPU)
  • Image processor
  • Vision processing unit (VPU)
  • Physics processing unit (PPU)
  • Digital signal processor (DSP)
  • Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)
  • Secure cryptoprocessor
  • Network processor
  • Baseband processor
Word size
  • 1-bit
  • 4-bit
  • 8-bit
  • 12-bit
  • 15-bit
  • 16-bit
  • 24-bit
  • 32-bit
  • 48-bit
  • 64-bit
  • 128-bit
  • 256-bit
  • 512-bit
  • bit slicing
  • others
    • variable
Core count
  • Single-core
  • Multi-core
  • Manycore
  • Heterogeneous architecture
Components
  • Core
  • Cache
    • CPU cache
    • Scratchpad memory
    • Data cache
    • Instruction cache
    • replacement policies
    • coherence
  • Bus
  • Clock rate
  • Clock signal
  • FIFO
Functional
units
  • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
  • Address generation unit (AGU)
  • Floating-point unit (FPU)
  • Memory management unit (MMU)
    • Load–store unit
    • Translation lookaside buffer (TLB)
  • Branch predictor
  • Branch target predictor
  • Integrated memory controller (IMC)
    • Memory management unit
  • Instruction decoder
Logic
  • Combinational
  • Sequential
  • Glue
  • Logic gate
    • Quantum
    • Array
Registers
  • Processor register
  • Status register
  • Stack register
  • Register file
  • Memory buffer
  • Memory address register
  • Program counter
Control unit
  • Hardwired control unit
  • Instruction unit
  • Data buffer
  • Write buffer
  • Microcode
  • ROM
  • Counter
Datapath
  • Multiplexer
  • Demultiplexer
  • Adder
  • Multiplier
    • CPU
  • Binary decoder
    • Address decoder
    • Sum-addressed decoder
  • Barrel shifter
Circuitry
  • Integrated circuit
    • 3D
    • Mixed-signal
    • Power management
  • Boolean
  • Digital
  • Analog
  • Quantum
  • Switch
Power
management
  • PMU
  • APM
  • ACPI
  • Dynamic frequency scaling
  • Dynamic voltage scaling
  • Clock gating
  • Performance per watt (PPW)
Related
  • History of general-purpose CPUs
  • Microprocessor chronology
  • Processor design
  • Digital electronics
  • Hardware security module
  • Semiconductor device fabrication
  • Tick–tock model
  • Pin grid array
  • Chip carrier
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