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Asmat
Ethnicity	Asmat, Citak
Geographic distribution	Asmat Regency and Mappi Regency, South Papua
Linguistic classification	Trans–New Guinea Asmat–Kamoro Asmat
Subdivisions	Casuarina Coast Citak North Asmat Central Asmat
Language codes
Glottolog	`asma1257`

Asmat is a Papuan language cluster of South Papua.

Languages

The principal varieties, distinct enough to be considered separate languages, are:^[1]

Asmat
- Kamrau Bay (Sabakor/Buruwai):^[2]
- Casuarina Coast (Kaweinag), the most divergent
- North and Central Asmat
  - Citak (Kaünak)
  - North Asmat
  - Central Asmat (dialects: Keenok, Sokoni, Keenakap, Kawenak)

Ethnically, speakers are either Asmat or Citak.

Evolution

Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012):^[3]

proto-Trans-New Guinea	Asmat (Flamingo Bay)
*maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’	me
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’	mer
*niman ‘louse’	(Kamoro namo)
*na- ‘eat’	na-
ni, nu ‘1PL’	na ‘1PL.INCL’, na(r) ‘1PL.EXCL’
*mun(a,i,u)ka ‘egg’	manaka
*niman ‘louse’	(cf. Kamoro namo)
*kasin ‘mosquito’	isi
*mbena ‘arm’	man [ban]
*mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’	fit
*imbi ‘name’	yipi
*si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’	(me)sep
*(mb,p)ututu- ‘to fly’	(?) pimedial
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’	kuwus
*inda ‘fire’	(Central Coast Asmat isi)
*tututu[ku] ‘straight’	toror
*k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’	iram
*tututu[ku] ‘straight’	toror
ti, titi ‘tooth’	ji
*ata ‘excrement’	asa
*(ŋg,k)atata ‘dry’	soso
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’	kuwus
*kasin ‘mosquito’	(Citak Asmat isi)
*inda ‘fire’	(Central Coast Asmat isi)
*ke(nj,s)a ‘blood’	es
*maŋgV ‘compact round object’	moko-per ‘navel’
*mun(a,i,u)ka ‘egg’	manaka
*ke(nj,s)a ‘blood’	es
*kasin ‘mosquito’	(Central Asmat isi)
*k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’	yiram
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’	kuwus
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’	(Flamingo Bay Asmat mer ‘lightning’)
*ya ‘3SG’	a

Verbs

In Flamingo Bay Asmat, light verbs are combined with adjuncts to form predicative expressions.^[4]

e- ‘do’
- atow e- /play do/ ‘play’
- caj e- /copulate do/ ‘copulate’
- yan e- /ear do/ ‘listen’
yi- ‘say’
- po yi- /paddle say/ ‘paddle’
- yan yi- /ear say/ ‘hear’
- mesa yi- /saliva say/ ‘spit’
af- ‘hit’
- yaki af- /sneeze hit/ ‘sneeze’
- namir af- /death hit/ ‘die’
- omop af- /blow hit/ ‘beat’

References

^ Usher, Timothy; Suter, Edgar (2020). "The Asmat-Muli Languages of Southwestern New Guinea" (PDF). Language & Linguistics in Melanesia. 38. Port Moresby: Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea. ISSN 0023-1959.
^ New Guinea World, Kamrau Bay
^ Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164. hdl:1885/38602. ISSN 0023-1959.
^ Foley, William A. (2018). "The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 895–938. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

External links

PARADISEC archive of Asmat language recordings
Asmat. New Guinea World.
Kamrau Bay. New Guinea World.

Central and South New Guinea languages

Asmat–Kamoro

Asmat	Asmat Citak
Sabakor	Buruwai Kamberau
Others	Kamoro Sempan

Greater Awyu

Awyu–Dumut	Aghu Mandobo Kombai–Wanggom Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Wambon
Becking–Dawi	Komyandaret Korowai Tsaukambo

Ok–Oksapmin

Western	Burumakok Kopkaka
Lowland	Iwur Muyu Ninggerum Yonggom
Mountain	Bimin Faiwol Mian Setaman Suganga Tifal Telefol Urapmin
Others	Nakai Ngalum Oksapmin Tangko

Bayono–Awbono

Komolom

Somahai

Languages of Indonesia

Western Malayo-Polynesian languages

Official language

Indonesian
- Slang

Malayo-Sumbawan

Acehnese
- Bakongan
Anambas-Natuna Malay
Bacan Malay
Balinese
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- Nusa Penida
Bamayo
Bangka Malay
Banjarese
Batubara Malay
Belitung Malay
Bengkulu
Berau Malay
Besemah
Bukit
Col/Lembak
Deli Malay
Duano'
Enim
Haji
Iban
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Jambi Malay
Jaring Halus Malay
Kangean
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Kaur
Kayong Malay
Kendayan
Keninjal
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Ketapang Malay
Kotawaringin Malay
Kualuh Malay
Kubu
Kutainese
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Madurese
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Melawi Malay
Mempawah Malay
Musi
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Ogan
Palu Malay
Panai Malay
Pekal
Pontianak Malay
Riau Malay
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Sekadau Malay
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Sundanese
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Tamiang Malay

Javanesic

Javanese
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Kawi

Celebic

Lampungic

Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands

Batak
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Gayo
Mentawai
Nias
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Sikule

Bah-Biau
Basap
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Lengilu
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Punan Merap
Punan Tubu
Sa'ban
Sajau
Tidung
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Philippine languages

Central Philippine	Tausug
Gorontalo-Mongondow	Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa
Minahasan	Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan
Sangiric	Bantik Ratahan Sangir Talaud

Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

Aru	Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir
Central Maluku	Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hulaliu Kailolo Pelauw Rohomoni-Kabauw Hitu Hoti † Huaulu Hukumina † Hulung † Kaibobo Kamarian † Kayeli Kowiai Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun † Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan
Flores–Lembata	Alorese Kedang Lamaholot Adonara Ile Ape Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi South Lembata West Lembata Sika
Halmahera- Cenderawasih	Ambai Ambel Ansus Arguni As Bedoanas Biak Biga Buli Busami Dusner Erokwanas Gane Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Maba Maden Matbat Ma'ya Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Papuma Patani Pom Roon Sawai Serui-Laut Taba Tandia Wabo Wamesa Wandamen Waropen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Yeresiam
Kei-Tanimbar	Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena
Micronesian	Mapia †
Selaru	Selaru Seluwasan
Sumba–Flores	Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende Gaura Hawu Kambera Kéo Kodi Komodo Lamboya Lio Mamboru Manggarai Nage Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa
Timor–Babar	Amarasi Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Galoli Helong Imroing Kemak Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Tetum Te'un Tii Uab Meto West Damar Welaun Wetar
Western Oceanic	Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna

Papuan languages

North Halmahera	Galela Gamkonora Kao Loloda Modole Pagu Sahu Tabaru Ternate Tidore Tobelo Togutil Waioli West Makian
Timor–Alor–Pantar	Abui Adang Blagar Bunak Kaera Kafoa Kamang Klon Kui Kula Nedebang Oirata Retta Sawila Teiwa Wersing Western Pantar Woisika
Asmat–Mombum	Buruwai Casuarina Coast Asmat Central Asmat North Asmat Citak Mombum Kamberau Kamoro Koneraw Sempan
West Bird's Head	Kalabra Kuwani Moi Moraid Seget Tehit
South Bird's Head	Arandai Dombano Duriankari Inanwatan Kaburi Kais Kemberano Kokoda Konda Kovojab Puragi Yahadian
East Bird's Head	Hatam Mansim Meyah Moskona Sougb
West Bomberai	Baham Iha Karas
Dani	Grand Valley Dani Hupla Nduga Nggem Silimo Walak Wano Western Dani Yali
Paniai Lakes	Auye Dao Ekari Moni Wolani
Digul River	Aghu Awbono Bayono Densar Edera Jair Kombai Komyandaret Korowai Mandobo Pisa Sawi Shiaxa Tsaukambo Wambon
Foja Range	Airoran Bagusa Berik Betaf Bonerif Dabe Dineor Edwas Gresi Isirawa Itik Kapori Kauwera Keijar Kemtuik Kwerba Kwerba Mamberamo Kwesten Kwinsu Mander Massep Mawes Mekwei Mlap Namblong Nimboran Orya Sause Oksapmin Samarokena Trimuris Vitou
Lakes Plain	Awera Biritai Doutai Duvle Eritai Fayu Foau Iau Kaiy Keuw Kirikiri Kwerisa Obokuitai Papasena Rasawa Sikaritai Tause Taworta Waritai
East Cenderawasih Bay	Baropasi Bauzi Burate Demisa Kofei Nisa-Anasi Sauri Tefaro Tunggare Woria
Yawa	Saweru Yawa
Demta–Sentani	Demta Nafri Sentani Tabla
Ok	Burumakok Faiwol Iwur Kopka Muyu Nakai Ngalum Ninggerum Tangko Tifal Yonggom
Momuna–Mek	Eipo Goliath Ketengban Kosarek Korupun Nalca Nipsan Somahai
Skou	Skou
South Pauwasi	Biksi-Yetfa Kembra Kimki Lepki Murkim
East Pauwasi	Emem Zorop
West Pauwasi	Namla Tebi Tofanma Towei Usku
Kaure–Kosare	Kaure Kosare
Marind–Yaqai	Bipim Marind Yaqay
Bulaka River	Maklew Yelmek
Kayagar	Atohwaim Kayagar Tamagario
Border	Awyi Elseng Taikat Manem Sowanda Viid Waris
Senagi	Dera
Mairasi	Mairasi Mer Semimi
Kolopom	Kimaghama Morori Ndom Riantana
Yam	Ngkolmpu Kanum Rema Smerki Tamer Yei
Lower Mamberamo	Warembori Yoke
Others	Abinomn Abun Amung Burmeso Dem Kanum Maklew Maybrat Molof Momina Mor Mpur Pyu Sumuri Tambora † Uhunduni

Other languages

Creoles and Pidgins

Malay-based creoles	Alor Malay Ambonese Malay Banda Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Gorontalo Malay Kupang Malay Larantuka Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay Maumere Malay North Moluccan Malay Sula Malay Orang Pulo Papuan Malay Serui Malay Peranakan Surabayan

Other creoles and pidgins	Bidau Creole Portuguese † Flores Creole Portuguese † Javindo Mardijker † Petjo Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis † Tansi Pidgin Tukang Besi

Immigrant languages

Chinese	Cantonese Fuqing Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Haklau Hokkien Medan Riau Hinghwa Mandarin Teochew
European	Dutch English Portuguese
Indian	Bengali Gujarati Odia Pali Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Tamil Telugu Urdu
Middle Eastern	Arabic Indonesian Arabic Hadhrami Arabic Modern Standard Arabic
Others	Tagalog Filipino Japanese Korean

Sign languages

† indicate extinct languages

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