Epstein Files Full PDF

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (May 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,055 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Негидальский язык]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Негидальский язык}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Negidal
Неғида хэсэнин
Native to	Russia
Region	Russian Far East
Ethnicity	510 Negidals (2010 census)[1]
Native speakers	6 (2017)[2] 29 (2020 census)[3]
Language family	Tungusic Northern Ewenic Evenki group Negidal
Dialects	Upper Lower †
Writing system	Cyrillic
Language codes
ISO 639-3	neg
Glottolog	negi1245
ELP	Negidal
Negidal is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Negidal (also spelled Neghidal) is a language of the Tungusic family spoken in the Russian Far East, mostly in Khabarovsk Krai, along the lower reaches of the Amur River.^[1] Negidal belongs to the Northern branch of Tungusic, together with Evenki and Even. It is particularly close to Evenki, to the extent that it is occasionally referred to as a dialect of Evenki.^[4]

According to the Russian Census of 2002, there were 567 Negidals, 147 of which still spoke the language. The Russian Census of 2010 reported lower speaker numbers, with only 19 of 513 ethnic Negidals reported to still speak the language.^[2][1]

However, recent reports from the field reveal that the linguistic situation of Negidal is much worse than the census reports. According to Kalinina (2008),^[5] whose data stem from the fieldwork conducted in 2005-2007, there are only three full speakers left, and a handful of semi-speakers. Pakendorf & Aralova (2018) report from fieldwork conducted in 2017 that there remain only six active speakers of Upper Negidal and there are no active speakers of Lower Negidal, only 10–20 passive speakers.^[2] The language is thus classified as critically endangered^[6] and is predicted to become dormant within the next decade.^[2]

There were formerly two dialects: the Upper Negidal dialect (Verkhovskoj in Russian) along the Amgun River (village of Vladimirovka), still residually spoken, and the now extinct Lower dialect (Nizovskoj) in its lower reaches (villages of Tyr and Beloglinka, the town of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur).^[2] The Lower dialect was especially close to Evenki.

• /o/ may also be heard as [ɔ] in some areas.
• /o/, when appearing in more than two syllables in a word, may also be heard as [ɑ] or [ɒ].

• /ɡ/ can also have an allophone [ɣ].
• /w/ becomes voiceless before a voiceless consonant and is heard as a fricative [ɸ].^[7]

• Aralova, N. B.; Sumbatova, N. R. (2016). "Negidal'skij jazyk" [Negidal]. In Vida Ju. Mikhal’čenko (ed.). Jazyk i obščestvo. Sociolingvističeskaja enciklopedija [Language and society. A sociolinguistic encyclopedia] (in Croatian). Moscow: Azbukovnik. pp. 307–308.
• Cincius, V.I. (1982). Негидальский язык [The Negidal language] (in Russian). Leningrad: Nauka.
• Kalinina, E. J. (2008). Этюд о гармонии гласных в негидальском языке, или негласные презумпции о гласных звуках [A study of vowel harmony in the Negidal language or unstated assumptions about vowels]. Фонетика и нефонетика. К 70-летию Сандро В. Кодзасова [Phonetics and non-phonetics. On the occasion of the 70th birthday of S.V. Kodzasov] (in Russian). Moscow: Языки славянских культур. pp. 272–282.
• Kazama, Shinjiro (2002). ネギダール語 テキストと文法概説 [Negidal Texts and Grammar]. Publications on Tungus languages and cultures 19. Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim, A2-021 (in Japanese). Kyoto: Nakanishi.
• Myl'nikova, K.M.; Cincius, V.I. (1931). Материалы по исследованию негидальского языка [Materials on the Negidal language]. Tungusskij Sbornik I:107-218 (in Russian).
• Pakendorf, B. & Aralova, N. (2018). The endangered state of Negidal: a field report. Language Documentation & Conservation 12: 1-14. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/24760
• Xasanova, M.M.; Pevnov, A.M. (2003). Мифы и сказкы негидальцев [Myths and tales of the Negidals]. Publications on Tungus Languages and Cultures 21. Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim, A2-024 (in Russian). Kyoto: Nakanishi.

• ELAR archive of Endangered Tungusic Languages of Khabarovskij Kraj (including Negidal)
• The Endangered Languages Project - Negidal

Negidal language test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator

This language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.

• v
• t
• e