Voiced uvular fricative

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Voiced uvular fricative

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Voiced uvular fricative

IPA Number 143

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity (decimal) ʁ

Unicode (hex) U+0281

X-SAMPA R

Braille

Image

Voiced uvular approximant

ʁ̞

IPA Number 144

Audio sample

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Encoding

X-SAMPA R_o

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The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʁ⟩, an inverted small uppercase letter ⟨ʀ⟩, or in broad transcription ⟨r⟩ if rhotic. This consonant is one of the several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.

The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as ⟨ʁ⟩. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: ⟨ʁ̞⟩, though some writings^[1] use a superscript ⟨ʶ⟩, which is not an official IPA practice.

For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiced uvular fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. In many languages it is closer to an approximant, however, and no language distinguishes the two at the uvular articulation.
Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque,^[2] Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, some variants of Low Saxon,^[3] and Yiddish.^{[citation needed]} However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative ([x], [ɣ]), voiceless uvular fricative [χ], or glottal transition ([h], [ɦ]), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use ⟨r⟩ to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.

Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."^[4]

It is also present in most Turkic languages, except for Turkish, and in Caucasian languages. It could also come in ɣ.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		цыҕ cëğ	[tsəʁ]	'marten'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		тыгъэ / tëğa / تہغە	[təʁa]^ⓘ	'sun'
Afrikaans	Parts of the former Cape Province^[5]	rooi	[ʁoːi̯]	'red'	May be a trill [ʀ] instead.^[5] See Afrikaans phonology
Albanian	Arbëresh Some Moresian accents	vëlla	[vʁa]	'brother'	May be pronounced as a normal double l. Sometimes, the guttural r is present in words starting with g in some dialects.
Aleut	Atkan dialect	chamĝul	[tʃɑmʁul]	'to wash'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[6]	غرفة ġurfa	[ˈʁʊrfɐ]	'room'	Mostly transcribed as /ɣ/, may be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.^[7] See Arabic phonology
Archi^[8]		гъӀабос ġabos	[ʁˤabos]^[9]	'croak'	Pharyngealized.
Armenian		ղեկ ġek	[ʁɛk]^ⓘ	'rudder'
Asturian language					Most common allophone of /g/. May be an approximant.^[10]^[11]
Avar		тIагъур / thaġur / طاغۇر	[tʼaˈʁur]	'cap'
Bashkir		туғыҙ / tuğïð / توعئذ	[tuˈʁɤð]^ⓘ	'nine'
Basque	Northern dialects	urre	[uʁe]	'gold'
Chilcotin		relkɨsh	[ʁəlkɪʃ]	'he walks'
Danish	Standard^[12]	rød	[ʁ̞œ̠ð̠]	'red'	Most often an approximant when initial.^[13] In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless [χ]) or an approximant.^[12] Also described as pharyngeal [ʕ̞].^[14] It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.^[15] See Danish phonology
Dutch^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]	Belgian Limburg^[20]^[21]	rad	[ʁɑt]	'wheel'	Either a fricative or an approximant.^[18]^[20]^[19]^[17]^[22] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
	Central Netherlands^[23]
	East Flanders^[21]
	Northern Netherlands^[23]
	Randstad^[23]
	Southern Netherlands^[23]
English	Dyfed^[24]	red	[ʁɛd]	'red'	Not all speakers.^[24] Alveolar in other Welsh accents.
	Gwynedd^[24]				Not all speakers.^[24] Alveolar in other Welsh accents.
	North-east Leinster^[25]				Corresponds to [ɹ ~ ɾ ~ ɻ] in other dialects of English in Ireland.
	Northumbrian^[26]^[27]				Described both as a fricative^[26] and an approximant.^[27] More rarely it is a trill [ʀ].^[26] Mostly found in rural areas of Northumberland and northern County Durham, declining. See English phonology and Northumbrian Burr.
	Sierra Leonean^[26]				More rarely a trill [ʀ].^[26]
French		rester	[ʁɛste]^ⓘ	'to stay'	See French phonology
French		paris	[paʁi]^ⓘ	'Paris'	Allophone of /r/ before /a/ and after /i/.
German	Standard^[28]	Rost	[ʁɔstʰ]	'rust'	Either a fricative or, more often, an approximant. In free variation with a uvular trill. See Standard German phonology
	Lower Rhine^[28]		[ʁɔstʰ]
	Swabian^[29]		[ʁ̞oʃt]		An approximant.^[29] It is the realization of /ʁ/ in onsets,^[29] otherwise it is an epiglottal approximant.^[29]
Gondi	Hill-Maṛia	pār̥-	[paːʁ-]	'to sing'	Corresponds to /r/ or /ɾ/ in other Gondi dialects.
Hebrew	Modern	עוֹרֵב	[ʔoˈʁ̞ev]	'crow'	See Modern Hebrew phonology.^[30]
Inuktitut	East Inuktitut dialect	marruuk	[mɑʁːuːk]	'two'
Italian	Some speakers^[31]	raro	[ˈʁäːʁo]	'rare'	Rendition alternative to the standard Italian alveolar trill [r], due to individual orthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably in Alto Adige (bordering with German-speaking Austria), Val d'Aosta (bordering with France) and in parts of the Parma province, more markedly around Fidenza. Other alternative sounds may be a uvular trill [ʀ] or a labiodental approximant [ʋ].^[31] See Italian phonology.
Kabardian		бгъэ / bğa / بغە	[bʁa]^ⓘ	'eagle'
Kabyle		ⴱⴻⵖ bbeɣ بغ	[bːəʁ]	'to dive'
Kazakh		саған / sağan / ساعان	[sɑˈʁɑn]	'to you'
Kyrgyz		жамгыр / camğır' / جامعىر	[dʒɑmˈʁɯr]	'rain'
Lakota		aǧúyapi	[aʁʊjapɪ]	'bread'
Limburgish	Maastrichtian^[32]	drei	[dʀ̝ɛi̯]	'three'	Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.^[32]^[33] See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Weert dialect phonology
Limburgish	Weert dialect^[33]	drej	[dʀ̝æj]	'three'
Luxembourgish^[34]		Parmesan	[ˈpʰɑʁməzaːn]	'Parmesan'	Appears as an allophone of /ʀ/ between a vowel and a voiced consonant and as an allophone of /ʁ/ between a back vowel and another vowel (back or otherwise). A minority of speakers use it as the only consonantal variety of /ʀ/ (in a complementary distribution with [χ]), also where it is trilled in the standard language.^[34] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Perak dialect	Perak	[peʁɑk̚]	'Perak'	See Malay phonology
Malto^[35]		पोग़े	[poʁe]	'smoke'
Minangkabau	Kampar dialect	bagheh	[baʁeh]	'rice'
Norwegian	Southern dialects	rar	[ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞]	'strange'	Either an approximant or a fricative. See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Southwestern dialects	rar	[ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞]	'strange'
Toba qom	Takshek dialect	Awogoyk	[awoʁojk]	'moon'
Tundra Nenets	Some speakers	вара	[waʁa]	'goose'
Ossetic	Iron	æгъгъæд æğğæd	[ˈəʁːəd]	'enough'
Portuguese	European^[36]	carro	[ˈkaʁu]	'car'	Word-initial /ʁ/ is commonly realized as a uvular trill [ʀ] in Lisbon.^[15] See Portuguese phonology
	Setubalense^[37]	ruralizar	[ʁuʁɐɫiˈzaʁ]	'to ruralize'	Outcome of a merger of /ɾ/ with /ʁ/, which is unique in the Lusophone world. Often trilled instead.
	Fluminense^[37]^[38]	ardência	[ɐʁˈdẽsjə]	'burning feeling'	Due to 19th century Portuguese influence, Rio de Janeiro's dialect merged coda /ɾ/ into /ʁ/.^[39] Often trilled. In free variation with [ɣ], [ʕ] and [ɦ] before voiced sounds, [x], [χ], [ħ] and [h] before voiceless consonants
	Sulista	arroz	[ɐˈʁos]	'rice'
Spanish	Puerto Rican	carro	[ˈkaʁo]	'car'	Word-initial, and inter-vocallic double r ('rr') /r/ are commonly realized as a fricative trill in rural sectors and generally (but not exclusively) lower socioeconomic strata among Puerto Ricans. [ʁ].^[40]
Spanish	As spoken in Asturias	gusano	[ʁ̞uˈsano]	'worm'	Most common allophone of /g/. May also be an approximant.^[10]^[11]
Swedish	Southern dialects	rör	[ʁɶʁ]	'pipe(s)'	See Swedish phonology
Tatar		яңгыр, yañğır, ياڭگئر	[jɒŋˈʁɯr]	'rain'
Turkmen		aɡyr / آغیٛر	[ɑʁɨɾ]	'heavy'	An allophone of /ɣ/ next to back vowels
Tsez		агъи aɣi	[ˈʔaʁi]	'bird'
Ubykh		[ʁa]		'his'	Ubykh has ten different uvular fricatives. See Ubykh phonology
Uyghur		ئۇيغۇر / Уйғур	[ʊjʁʊr]	'Uyghur'
Uzbek		ogʻir / оғир / اۉغیر	[ɒˈʁɨr]	'heavy'
West Flemish	Bruges dialect^[41]	onder	[ˈuŋəʀ̝]	'under'	A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar [r] is used in the neighbouring rural area.^[41]
Yakut		тоҕус toğus	[toʁus]	'nine'
Yi		Ғңыңə Ğņyņə	[ʁŋêŋĕ]	'twenty'	A fricative or approximant.

Notes

[edit]

^ Such as Krech et al. (2009).
^ Grammar of Basque, page 30, José Ignacio Hualde, Jon Ortiz De Urbina, Walter de Gruyter, 2003
^ Ph Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, Anderhalve Eeuw Zwols Vocaalveranderingsprocessen in de periode 1838-1972. IJsselacademie (2012). ISBN 978-90-6697-228-5
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167)
^ ^a ^b Donaldson (1993), p. 15.
^ Watson (2002), pp. 17.
^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
^ "Dictionary of Archi". Retrieved 2023-12-10.
^ ^a ^b Muñiz Cachón, Carmen (2002). "Realización del fonema /g/ en Asturias". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana (in Spanish). 2: 53–70. doi:10.17811/rfa.2.2002 (inactive 2024-11-02).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ ^a ^b Muñiz Cachón, Carmen (2002). "Rasgos fónicos del español hablado en Asturias". Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología (in Spanish). 52: 323–349.
^ ^a ^b Basbøll (2005:62)
^ Basbøll (2005:66)
^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
^ ^a ^b Grønnum (2005), p. 157.
^ Booij (1999:8)
^ ^a ^b Collins & Mees (2003:39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291)
^ ^a ^b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108)
^ ^a ^b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:51–55)
^ ^a ^b Verhoeven (2005:245)
^ ^a ^b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:52)
^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 102)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
^ ^a ^b ^c Wells (1982:390)
^ Hickey (2007:?)^{[page needed]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:236)
^ ^a ^b Ogden (2009:93)
^ ^a ^b Hall (1993:89)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ The pronunciation of the Modern Hebrew consonant ר resh has been described as a uvular approximant ʁ, specifically [ʁ̞], which also exists in Yiddish, see Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 261-262.
^ ^a ^b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
^ ^a ^b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
^ ^a ^b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
^ ^a ^b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
^ Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 150.
^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
^ ^a ^b (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Page 11.
^ (in Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Page 36.
^ (in Portuguese) The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 229 and 230.
^ Lipski (1994:333)
^ ^a ^b Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013), p. 167.

References

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Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Booij, Geert (1999), The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045
Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743, S2CID 195707076
Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
Hickey, Raymond (2007). Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85299-9.
Hinskens, Frans; Taeldeman, Johan, eds. (2013), Dutch, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018005-3
Kachru, Yamuna (2006), Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, ISBN 90-272-3812-X
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Lipski, John (1994), Latin American Spanish, London: Longman, ISBN 9780582087613
Ogden, Richard (2009), An Introduction to English Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd., ISBN 978-0-7486-2540-6
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

External links

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List of languages with [ʁ] on PHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labial–palatal

Labial–velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other	Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃] Nasal palatal approximant [j̃] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend: unrounded • rounded

v t e The letter R
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill [r̥] Voiced alveolar trill [r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant [ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap [ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap [ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap [ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap [ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill [ɽr] Voiced velar approximant [ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative [x] Voiced velar fricative [ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill [ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill [ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative [χ] Voiced uvular fricative [ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative [h] Voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)

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