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| Clinical data | |
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| Other names | 1-Propanoyl-lysergic acid diethylamide; 1-Propanoyl-LSD; 1-Propionyl-LSD |
| Routes of administration | Oral[1] |
| Drug class | Serotonin receptor agonist; Serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist; Serotonergic psychedelic; Hallucinogen |
| ATC code |
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| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ~100%[1] |
| Metabolism | Hydrolysis[1] |
| Metabolites | LSD[1] |
| Elimination half-life | Initial: ~0.2 hours[1] |
| Duration of action | 8–12 hours[2][1] |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
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| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C23H29N3O2 |
| Molar mass | 379.504 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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1P-LSD, also known as 1-propionyl-LSD, is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide family related to LSD. It is an ester derivative of LSD and a homologue of ALD-52 (1A-LSD). The drug originated in 2015 when it appeared as a designer drug sold online.[3] It was first synthesized as a legal LSD alternative by Lizard Labs, a Netherlands based research chemical laboratory.[4][5][6][7][8] It modifies the LSD molecule by adding a propionyl group to the nitrogen atom of LSD's indole group and is a prodrug of LSD.[9][10]
Use and effects
The dose range of 1P-LSD is 100 to 200 μg, with a typical dose estimate of 150 μg.[2] Its duration is about 8 to 12 hours for most people.[2] The subjective effects of 1P-LSD are not well-defined in the literature, although they are generally thought to be comparable to those of LSD.[11] In a 2020 study, the qualitative effects of 1P-LSD and LSD were similar when measured using visual analog scales.[1] The properties of 1P-LSD have also been assessed in other studies.[12][2]
Interactions
Pharmacology
Like ALD-52 (1A-LSD), 1P-LSD is believed to act as a prodrug for LSD via hydrolysis of the propionyl group. When 1P-LSD is incubated in human serum or liver cells,[13][14] administered intravenously to rats,[15] or administered either orally or intravenously to human subjects,[1] high levels of LSD and relatively low levels of 1P-LSD are quickly detected, demonstrating that 1P-LSD is rapidly hydrolyzed into LSD in vivo following ingestion. Indeed, following intravenous administration in humans 1P-LSD is detectable in serum for no longer than 4 hours, after which it is completely converted to LSD.[1] These findings are supported by the similar duration and behavioral effects of 1P-LSD and LSD in both animal and human experiments.[13][1]
Chemistry
Synthesis
The chemical synthesis of 1P-LSD has been described in a patent from 2024.[16]
Properties
The chemical stability of 1P-LSD has been studied.[17][18]
Analogues
Related compounds include 1cP-LSD, 1B-LSD, 1D-LSD, 1V-LSD, ALD-52 (1A-LSD), 1cP-AL-LAD, AL-LAD, ETH-LAD, 1P-ETH-LAD, PRO-LAD, LSM-775, and LSZ, among others.
History
1P-LSD was first described as well as encountered as a novel designer drug in 2015.[19][20][21]
Society and culture
Legal status
1P-LSD is unscheduled in the United States[22] and Canada, but may be considered illegal if sold or used for human consumption as an analogue of LSD under the Federal Analogue Act in the United States.[13] 1P-LSD is a prohibited or controlled substance in Australia, France,[23] Finland,[24] Denmark,[25] Germany,[26] Estonia,[27] Japan,[28] Latvia,[29] Norway,[30] Romania,[31] Sweden,[32] Switzerland,[33] United Kingdom,[34] Italy,[35] Singapore,[36] the Czech Republic,[37] and Croatia.[38] 1P-LSD has been illegal in Russia since 2017 as an LSD derivative.[39]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Grumann C, Henkel K, Brandt SD, Stratford A, Passie T, Auwärter V (August 2020). "Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of 1P-LSD in humans after oral and intravenous administration". Drug Testing and Analysis. 12 (8): 1144–1153. doi:10.1002/dta.2821. PMID 32415750.
- ^ a b c d Mallaroni P, Mason NL, Vinckenbosch FR, Ramaekers JG (June 2022). "The use patterns of novel psychedelics: experiential fingerprints of substituted phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 239 (6): 1783–1796. doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06142-4. PMC 9166850. PMID 35487983.
- ^ "Philtre Bulletin Issue 5" (PDF). WEDINOS. March 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ Daly M (27 July 2015). "Why Young Brits Are Taking So Much LSD and Ecstasy". Vice. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
- ^ "Newer Unregulated Drugs" (PDF). KFx. April 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ Speiser M (11 August 2015). "A handful of dangerous new legal drugs has public health experts worried". Business Insider UK. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ "1P-LSD". New Synthetic Drugs Database. Archived from the original on 2016-07-03. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
- ^ Palamar JJ, Acosta P, Sherman S, Ompad DC, Cleland CM (November 2016). "Self-reported use of novel psychoactive substances among attendees of electronic dance music venues". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 42 (6): 624–632. doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1181179. PMC 5093056. PMID 27315522.
- ^ Jose (15 October 2015). "Is 1P-LSD A Prodrug To LSD?". Detect-Kit. Archived from the original on 2015-10-15. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^ Linda P, Stener A, Cipiciani A, Savelli G (January–February 1983). "Hydrolysis of amides. Kinetics and mechanism of the basic hydrolysis of N-acylpyrroles, N-acylindoles and N-acylcarbazoles". Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 20 (1): 247–248. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570200154.
- ^ Schifano F, Orsolini L, Papanti D, Corkery J (June 2016). "NPS: Medical Consequences Associated with Their Intake". Neuropharmacology of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 32. pp. 351–380. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_15. ISBN 978-3-319-52442-9. OCLC 643052237. PMID 27272067.
- ^ Coney LD, Maier LJ, Ferris JA, Winstock AR, Barratt MJ (May 2017). "Genie in a blotter: A comparative study of LSD and LSD analogues' effects and user profile". Hum Psychopharmacol. 32 (3). doi:10.1002/hup.2599. PMID 28517366.
- ^ a b c Brandt SD, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Stratford A, Elliott SP, Hoang K, et al. (September 2016). "Return of the lysergamides. Part I: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-propionyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1P-LSD)". Drug Testing and Analysis. 8 (9): 891–902. doi:10.1002/dta.1884. PMC 4829483. PMID 26456305.
- ^ Wagmann L, Richter LH, Kehl T, Wack F, Bergstrand MP, Brandt SD, Stratford A, Maurer HH, Meyer MR (July 2019). "In vitro metabolic fate of nine LSD-based new psychoactive substances and their analytical detectability in different urinary screening procedures". Anal Bioanal Chem. 411 (19): 4751–4763. doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1558-9. PMID 30617391.
- ^ Halberstadt AL, Chatha M, Klein AK, McCorvy JD, Meyer MR, Wagmann L, et al. (August 2020). "Pharmacological and biotransformation studies of 1-acyl-substituted derivatives of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)". Neuropharmacology. 172 107856. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107856. PMC 9191647. PMID 31756337.
- ^ WO 2024/028495, Stratford A, Williamson JP, "Prodrugs of Substituted Ergolines", published 8 February 2024, assigned to Synex Holdings BV
- ^ Grumann C, Henkel K, Stratford A, Hermanns-Clausen M, Passie T, Brandt SD, Auwärter V (September 2019). "Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative analysis of 1P-LSD and its tentative metabolite LSD in fortified urine and serum samples including stability tests for 1P-LSD under different storage conditions". J Pharm Biomed Anal. 174: 270–276. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.062. PMID 31181490.
- ^ Zhang SH, Tang AS, Chin RS, Goh JY, Ong MC, Lim WJ, Yap AT, So CW (May 2023). "Stability studies of ALD-52 and its homologue 1P-LSD". J Forensic Sci. 68 (3): 1009–1019. doi:10.1111/1556-4029.15224. PMID 36779453.
- ^ https://isomerdesign.com/bitnest/external/EMCDDA/New-Drugs-In-Europe-2015
- ^ "N-Пропионил-ЛСД (1P-LSD)". АИПСИН (in Russian). Retrieved 2 January 2026.
- ^ "N-Пропионил-ЛСД". АИПСИН (in Russian). Retrieved 2 January 2026.
- ^ Orange Book: List of Controlled Substances and Regulated Chemicals (January 2026) (PDF), United States: U.S. Department of Justice: Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): Diversion Control Division, January 2026
- ^ "Arrêté du 20 mai 2021 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants". www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 20 May 2021.
- ^ "Valtioneuvoston asetus kuluttajamarkkinoilta kielletyistä psykoaktiivisista aineista annetun valtioneuvoston asetuksen liitteen muuttamisesta" [Government decree amending the annex to the government decree on psychoactive substances prohibited on the consumer market] (in Finnish).
- ^ "Lists of euphoriant substances". The Danish Medicines Agency. September 2015.
- ^ "Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-. Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes" [Regulation amending the Annex to the New Psychoactive Substances Act and Appendices to the Narcotics Act] (in German).
- ^ "Muudatus narkootiliste ja psühhotroopsete ainete I nimekirjas" (in Estonian). Republic of Estonia Agency of Medicines. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
- ^ "指定薬物一覧" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
- ^ "Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem" (in Latvian). Latvijas Republikas tiesību akti.
- ^ "31 Forskrift om narkotika (narkotikaforskriften)" (in Norwegian). Helse- og omsorgsdepartementet. 14 February 2013.
- ^ "Legea 194/2011 privind combaterea operatiunilor cu produse susceptibile de a avea efecte psihoactive, altele decat cele prevazute de acte normative in vigoare, republicata 2014". www.dreptonline.ro. Retrieved 2020-07-24.
- ^ "Förordning om ändring i förordningen (1999:58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor" [Ordinance (1999: 58) on the prohibition of certain dangerous goods] (PDF) (in Swedish).
- ^ "Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien" (in German). Der Bundesrat.
- ^ "Psychoactive Substances Act 2016". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ "DECRETO 5 ottobre 2021".
- ^ "Misuse of Drugs Act - Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg.
- ^ "Nařízení vlády č. 463/2013 Sb. Nařízení vlády o seznamech návykových látek" (in Czech). Zákony pro lidi.
- ^ "Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga". narodne-novine.nn.hr. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
- ^ "ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ, КОТОРЫЕ ВНОСЯТСЯ В АКТЫ ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В СВЯЗИ С СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕМ КОНТРОЛЯ ЗА ОБОРОТОМ НАРКОТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ И ПСИХОТРОПНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ \ КонсультантПлюс". www.consultant.ru. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
