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Newar script
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Pracalit script)
Nepalese script

Newar
๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘”๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘พ๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘ฎโ€Ž Prachalit Nepal
The phrase 'Prachalit Nepal' in Newar script
Script type
Abugida
Period
10thโ€“20th century
DirectionLeft-to-right Edit this on Wikidata
LanguagesNepal Bhasa, Sanskrit, Maithili
Related scripts
Parent systems
Proto-Sinaitic script
  • Phoenician alphabet
    • Aramaic script
      • Brฤhmฤซ
        • Gupta
          • Siddham
            • Gaudi[1]
              • Nepalese
                • Newar
Sister systems
Ranjana
Bhujimol
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Newa (333), โ€‹Newa, Newar, Newari, Nepฤla lipi
Unicode
Unicode alias
Newa
Unicode range
U+11400โ€“U+1147F
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmi script and its descendants
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A folio of Newar poem Atina Sundar Desh Kantipuri, written by Bhuwan Lakshmi, the queen consort of King Bhupalendra Malla in Newar script.
A 17th-century Devi Mahatmya manuscript written in Newar script

The Newar script, known in the Newar language as Nepal lipi, Nepalakshar and Prachalit, is an abugida, one of the Nepalese scripts that descend from the Brahmi script. It is used to write Nepal Bhasa, Maithili and Sanskrit. Various publications are still published in this script including the Sikkim Herald the bulletin of the Sikkim government (Newari edition).[2]

Etymology

[edit]

The Newar script is also known as "Nepalakshar" or "Nepal lipi", which means script of Nepal. This script is referred as "Newa" in Modern-Newar language, and "Newari" in Nepali language. The Newar script is also known as Prachalit script ("popular script"), as it was one of the most widely used script among all of the scripts used in Nepal, with majority of manuscripts and inscription written in it.

The multilingual stone inscription of Pratap Malla dated to 1654 CE, uses "nevฤra ฤkhala" (Newar script) to refer this script in Classical Newar language.[3] Similarly, in a 1747 CE work, Capuchin friar Costantino da Ascoli refers to this script as Nepalese.[4]

History

[edit]

The Newar script appeared in the inscription of King Shankaradeva at Jaishideval, dated to 920 CE. Similarly, the first coin in Newar script appeared on a coin of King Shivadeva (1098โ€“1126 CE). The oldest surviving manuscript of the Abhijnana Shakuntala, dated to the 12th century, was written in this script and is now situated at the Asiatic Society of Bengal.[5]

Almost all of Malla dynasty official records and inscription were written in Newar script. It was also used in official documents by early-Shah rulers, as shown by the Nepal-Tibet treaty of 1775, which was written in Newar script. Later since 1906, with rise of Rana dynasty, official documents written in Newar script was declared illegal. Since than, the Newar script started to replaced by Devanagari script.[6]

Alphabet

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
Vowels Diacritic IAST & IPA With ๐‘Ž (ka) With ๐‘ (ga) Vowels Diacritic IAST & IPA With ๐‘Ž (ka) With ๐‘ (ga)
๐‘€ โ€” a /ษ™/ ๐‘Ž ๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘ต ฤ /aห/ ๐‘Ž๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘ต
๐‘‚ ๐‘ถ i /i/ ๐‘Ž๐‘ถ ๐‘๐‘ถ ๐‘ƒ ๐‘ท ฤซ /iห/ ๐‘Ž๐‘ท ๐‘๐‘ท
๐‘„ ๐‘ธ u /u/ ๐‘Ž๐‘ธ ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘… ๐‘น ลซ /uห/ ๐‘Ž๐‘น ๐‘๐‘น
๐‘† ๐‘บ แน› /rฬฉ/ ๐‘Ž๐‘บ ๐‘๐‘บ ๐‘‡ ๐‘ป แน /rฬฉห/ ๐‘Ž๐‘ป ๐‘๐‘ป
๐‘ˆ ๐‘ผ แธท /lฬฉ/ ๐‘Ž๐‘ผ ๐‘๐‘ผ ๐‘‰ ๐‘ฝ แธน /lฬฉห/ ๐‘Ž๐‘ฝ ๐‘๐‘ฝ
๐‘Š ๐‘พ e /eห/ ๐‘Ž๐‘พ ๐‘๐‘พ ๐‘‹ ๐‘ฟ ai /aiฬฏ/ ๐‘Ž๐‘ฟ ๐‘๐‘ฟ
๐‘Œ ๐‘‘€ o /oห/ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘€ ๐‘๐‘‘€ ๐‘ ๐‘‘ au /auฬฏ/ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘ ๐‘๐‘‘
๐‘€๐‘‘„ ๐‘‘„ รฃ /ษ™ฬƒ/ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘„ ๐‘๐‘‘„ ๐‘€๐‘‘… ๐‘‘… aแธฅ /ษ™แธฅ/ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘… ๐‘๐‘‘…

Consonant

[edit]
Phonetics โ†’ Stop Nasal Approximant Fricative
Voicing โ†’ Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced
Aspiration โ†’ No Yes No Yes No Yes
Velar ๐‘Ž ka /k/ ๐‘ kha /kสฐ/ ๐‘ ga /ษก/ ๐‘‘ gha /ษกสฑ/ ๐‘’ แน…a /ล‹/ ๐‘ด ha /ษฆ/
Palatal ๐‘” ca /c/ ๐‘• cha /cสฐ/ ๐‘– ja /ษŸ/ ๐‘— jha /ษŸสฑ/ ๐‘˜ รฑa /ษฒ/ ๐‘ซ ya /j/ ๐‘ฑ ล›a /ษ•/
Retroflex ๐‘š แนญa /สˆ/ ๐‘› แนญha /สˆสฐ/ ๐‘œ แธa /ษ–/ ๐‘ แธha /ษ–สฑ/ ๐‘ž แน‡a /ษณ/ ๐‘ฌ ra /r/ ๐‘ฒ แนฃa /ส‚/
Dental ๐‘Ÿ ta /t/ ๐‘  tha /tสฐ/ ๐‘ก da /d/ ๐‘ข dha /dสฑ/ ๐‘ฃ na /n/ ๐‘ฎ la /l/ ๐‘ณ sa /s/
Labial ๐‘ฅ pa /p/ ๐‘ฆ pha /pสฐ/ ๐‘ง ba /b/ ๐‘จ bha /bสฑ/ ๐‘ฉ ma /m/ ๐‘ฐ va /w, ส‹/

Symbols

[edit]

Numerals

[edit]
๐‘‘ ๐‘‘‘ ๐‘‘’ ๐‘‘“ ๐‘‘” ๐‘‘• ๐‘‘– ๐‘‘— ๐‘‘˜ ๐‘‘™
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Unicode

[edit]
Main article: Newa (Unicode block)

Newar script was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0.

The Unicode block for Newar, called Newa, is U+11400โ€“U+1147F:

Newa[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1140x ๐‘€โ€Ž ๐‘โ€Ž ๐‘‚โ€Ž ๐‘ƒโ€Ž ๐‘„โ€Ž ๐‘…โ€Ž ๐‘†โ€Ž ๐‘‡โ€Ž ๐‘ˆโ€Ž ๐‘‰โ€Ž ๐‘Šโ€Ž ๐‘‹โ€Ž ๐‘Œโ€Ž ๐‘โ€Ž ๐‘Žโ€Ž ๐‘โ€Ž
U+1141x ๐‘โ€Ž ๐‘‘โ€Ž ๐‘’โ€Ž ๐‘“โ€Ž ๐‘”โ€Ž ๐‘•โ€Ž ๐‘–โ€Ž ๐‘—โ€Ž ๐‘˜โ€Ž ๐‘™โ€Ž ๐‘šโ€Ž ๐‘›โ€Ž ๐‘œโ€Ž ๐‘โ€Ž ๐‘žโ€Ž ๐‘Ÿโ€Ž
U+1142x ๐‘ โ€Ž ๐‘กโ€Ž ๐‘ขโ€Ž ๐‘ฃโ€Ž ๐‘คโ€Ž ๐‘ฅโ€Ž ๐‘ฆโ€Ž ๐‘งโ€Ž ๐‘จโ€Ž ๐‘ฉโ€Ž ๐‘ชโ€Ž ๐‘ซโ€Ž ๐‘ฌโ€Ž ๐‘ญโ€Ž ๐‘ฎโ€Ž ๐‘ฏโ€Ž
U+1143x ๐‘ฐโ€Ž ๐‘ฑโ€Ž ๐‘ฒโ€Ž ๐‘ณโ€Ž ๐‘ดโ€Ž ๐‘ตโ€Ž ๐‘ถโ€Ž ๐‘ทโ€Ž ๐‘ธโ€Ž ๐‘นโ€Ž ๐‘บโ€Ž ๐‘ปโ€Ž ๐‘ผโ€Ž ๐‘ฝโ€Ž ๐‘พโ€Ž ๐‘ฟโ€Ž
U+1144x ๐‘‘€โ€Ž ๐‘‘โ€Ž ๐‘‘‚โ€Ž ๐‘‘ƒโ€Ž ๐‘‘„โ€Ž ๐‘‘…โ€Ž ๐‘‘†โ€Ž ๐‘‘‡โ€Ž ๐‘‘ˆโ€Ž ๐‘‘‰โ€Ž ๐‘‘Šโ€Ž ๐‘‘‹โ€Ž ๐‘‘Œโ€Ž ๐‘‘โ€Ž ๐‘‘Žโ€Ž ๐‘‘โ€Ž
U+1145x ๐‘‘โ€Ž ๐‘‘‘โ€Ž ๐‘‘’โ€Ž ๐‘‘“โ€Ž ๐‘‘”โ€Ž ๐‘‘•โ€Ž ๐‘‘–โ€Ž ๐‘‘—โ€Ž ๐‘‘˜โ€Ž ๐‘‘™โ€Ž ๐‘‘šโ€Ž ๐‘‘›โ€Ž ๐‘‘โ€Ž ๐‘‘žโ€Ž ๐‘‘Ÿโ€Ž
U+1146x  ๐‘‘ โ€Ž   ๐‘‘กโ€Ž 
U+1147x
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 17.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Gallery

[edit]
  • An 11th century manuscript of Devikavacha stotra.
    An 11th century manuscript of Devikavacha stotra.
  • A 12th century Sanskrit manuscript of the Gandavyuha.
    A 12th century Sanskrit manuscript of the Gandavyuha.
  • A 14th century manuscript of Varฤhamihira's Brihat Jataka.
    A 14th century manuscript of Varฤhamihira's Brihat Jataka.
  • A folio from an astrology book from the 15th century.
    A folio from an astrology book from the 15th century.
  • A 17th-century manuscript copy of Raghuvamsa, currently at Cambridge University.
    A 17th-century manuscript copy of Raghuvamsa, currently at Cambridge University.
  • King Bhupatindra Malla's Newar language inscription from 1713 CE.
    King Bhupatindra Malla's Newar language inscription from 1713 CE.
  • King Ranajit Malla's Newar language inscription from 1754 CE.
    King Ranajit Malla's Newar language inscription from 1754 CE.
  • The Nepal-Tibet Treaty of 1775 written in Classical Newar and Newar script.
    The Nepal-Tibet Treaty of 1775 written in Classical Newar and Newar script.
  • A manuscript of Swasthani Bakhan written in Newar language, from 1819 CE.
    A manuscript of Swasthani Bakhan written in Newar language, from 1819 CE.
  • A Newar manuscript of glory of Ekadashi, from 1837 CE.
    A Newar manuscript of glory of Ekadashi, from 1837 CE.

See also

[edit]
  • Nepalese scripts
  • Bhujimol script

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan languages. p. 143.
  2. ^ Pandey, Anshuman (3 May 2011). "N4038: Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Prachalit Nepal Script in ISO/IEC 10646" (PDF). Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  3. ^ Poudel, Nayanath (17 June 2023). "nevฤra ล›abdako prฤcฤซnatฤ" [Historicity of the term "Newar"]. Gorkhapatra (in Nepali). Archived from the original on 21 May 2024.
  4. ^ Tomba, Marco Della (1878). Gli scritti del Padre Marco Della Tomba, missionario nelle Indie orientali, raccolti, ordinati ed illustrati sopra gli autografi del Museo Borgiano (in Italian). Le Monnier. p. 303.
  5. ^ Tamot, Kashinath (2017). "เคจเฅ‡เคชเคพเคฒเคฎเคพ เคชเฅเคฐเคšเคฒเคฟเคค เคฒเคฟเคชเคฟเค•เฅ‹ เคชเคฐเคฟเคšเคฏ (Nepalma Prachalit Lipiko Parichaya)". Internet Archive. Retrieved 6 February 2026.
  6. ^ Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). Nepal Bhasa Sahityaya Itihas: History of Nepalbhasa Literature. Nepal Bhasa Academy. p. 14. ISBN 99933-56-00-X.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Rabison Shakya (2002). Alphabet of the Nepalese Scriptbook. Patan, Nepal. ISBN 99933-34-36-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Covers Prachalit, Ranjana and Bhujimol, development, current use, information about and drawings of character formation.
  • Hall, Pat (21 September 2012). "Problems with Unicode for Languages Unsupported by Computers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.

External links

[edit]
  • ScriptSource page on Prachalit Nepal script
  • Fonts for Prachalit, Ranjana and Brahmi scripts
  • Noto Sans Newa (GitHub) โ€“ a Noto font for Newa
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  • Emoji
  • Isotype
  • Kaidฤ
  • Mi๊žŒkmaw
  • Mixtec
  • New Epoch Notation Painting
  • Nsibidi
  • Anishinaabewibii'iganan
  • Olmec
  • Siglas poveiras
  • Testerian
  • Yerkish
  • Zapotec
Logograms
Chinese family of scripts
Chinese characters
  • Simplified
  • Traditional
  • Oracle bone script
  • Bronze scripts
  • Seal script
    • large
    • small
    • bird-worm
  • Hanja
  • Kanji
  • Chแปฏ Nรดm
  • Sawndip
  • Bowen
Chinese-influenced
  • Jurchen
  • Khitan large script
  • Sui
  • Tangut
Cuneiform
  • Akkadian
  • Assyrian
  • Elamite
  • Hittite
  • Luwian
  • Sumerian
Other logosyllabic
  • Anatolian
  • Bagam
  • Cretan
  • Isthmian
  • Maya
  • Proto-Elamite
  • Tenevil
  • Wiigwaasabak
  • Yi (Classical)
Logoconsonantal
  • Demotic
  • Hieratic
  • Hieroglyphs
Numerals
  • Hindu-Arabic
  • Abjad
  • Attic (Greek)
  • Muisca
  • Roman
Other
  • Sitelen Pona
Semi-syllabaries
Full
  • Linear Elamite
  • Celtiberian
  • Iberian
    • Northeastern
    • Southeastern
  • Khom
  • Dunging
Redundant
  • Espanca script
  • Pahawh Hmong
  • Khitan small script
  • Southwest Paleohispanic
  • Bopomofo
  • Quแป‘c ร‚m Tรขn Tแปฑ
Sign languages
  • ASLwrite
  • SignWriting
  • si5s
  • Stokoe notation
Syllabaries
  • Afaka
  • Bamum
  • Bรฉtรฉ
  • Byblos
  • Canadian Aboriginal
  • Cherokee
  • Cypriot
  • Cypro-Minoan
  • Ditema tsa Dinoko
  • Eskayan
  • Geba
  • Great Lakes Algonquian
  • Iban
  • Idu
  • Kana
    • Hiragana
    • Katakana
    • Man'yลgana
    • Hentaigana
    • Sลgana
    • Jindai moji
  • Kikakui
  • Kpelle
  • Linear B
  • Linear Elamite
  • Lisu
  • Loma
  • Nรผshu
  • Nwagu Aneke script
  • Old Persian cuneiform
  • Sumerian
  • Vai
  • Woleai
  • Yi
  • Yugtun
  • v
  • t
  • e
Braille โ ƒโ —โ โ Šโ ‡โ ‡โ ‘
Braille cell
  • 1829 braille
  • International uniformity
  • ASCII braille
  • Unicode braille patterns
Braille scripts
French-ordered
  • Albanian
  • Azerbaijani
  • Cantonese
  • Catalan
  • Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
  • Czech
  • Dutch
    • 6-dot
    • 8-dot
  • English (Unified English)
  • Esperanto
  • French
  • German
  • Ghanaian
  • Guarani
  • Hawaiian
  • Hungarian
  • Iรฑupiaq
  • IPA
  • Irish
  • Italian
  • Latvian
  • Lithuanian
  • Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
  • Maltese
  • Mฤori
  • Navajo
  • Nigerian
  • Philippine
  • Polish
  • Portuguese
  • Romanian
  • Samoan
  • Slovak
  • South African
  • Spanish
  • Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
  • Turkish
  • Vietnamese
  • Welsh
  • Yugoslav
  • Zambian
Nordic family
  • Estonian
  • Faroese
  • Icelandic
  • Scandinavian
    • Danish
    • Finnish
    • Greenlandic
    • Northern Sรกmi
    • Norwegian
    • Swedish
Russian lineage family
i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts
  • Belarusian
  • Bulgarian
  • Kazakh
  • Kyrgyz
  • Mongolian
  • Russian
  • Tatar
  • Ukrainian
Egyptian lineage family
i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts
  • Arabic
  • Persian
  • Urdu (Pakistan)
Indian lineage family
i.e. Bharati Braille
  • Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
  • Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
  • Gujarati
  • Kannada
  • Malayalam
  • Odia
  • Punjabi
  • Sinhala
  • Tamil
  • Telugu
  • Urdu (India)
Other scripts
  • Amharic
  • Armenian
  • Burmese
  • Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
  • Georgian
  • Greek
  • Hebrew
  • Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
  • Khmer
  • Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels)
  • Tibetan
Reordered
  • Algerian Braille (obsolete)
Frequency-based
  • American Braille (obsolete)
Independent
  • Chinese semi-syllabaries
    • Cantonese
    • Mainland Chinese Mandarin
    • Taiwanese Mandarin
    • Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
  • Japanese
  • Korean
Eight-dot
  • Dutch
  • Luxembourgish
  • Kanji
  • Gardnerโ€“Salinas braille codes (GS8)
Symbols in braille
  • Braille music
  • Canadian currency marks
  • Computer Braille Code
  • Gardnerโ€“Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
  • International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
  • Nemeth braille code
Braille technology
  • Braille e-book
  • Braille embosser
  • Braille translator
  • Braille watch
  • Mountbatten Brailler
  • Optical braille recognition
  • Perforation
  • Perkins Brailler
  • Refreshable braille display
  • Slate and stylus
  • Braigo
People
  • Louis Braille
  • Charles Barbier
  • Rรณลผa Czacka
  • Valentin Haรผy
  • Harris Mowbray
  • Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
  • Sabriye Tenberken
  • William Bell Wait
Organisations
  • Braille Institute of America
  • Braille Without Borders
  • Japan Braille Library
  • National Braille Association
  • Blindness organizations
  • Schools for the blind
  • American Printing House for the Blind
Other tactile alphabets
  • Decapoint
  • Moon type
  • New York Point
  • Night writing
  • Vibratese
Related topics
  • Accessible publishing
  • Braille literacy
  • RoboBraille
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newar_script&oldid=1339188190"
Categories:
  • Newar
  • Writing systems of Newar language
Hidden categories:
  • CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)
  • CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
  • Articles with short description
  • Short description is different from Wikidata
  • Use dmy dates from May 2023
  • Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes
  • Pages with plain IPA
  • CS1 maint: location missing publisher

  • indonesia
  • Polski
  • ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉ
  • Deutsch
  • English
  • Espaรฑol
  • Franรงais
  • Italiano
  • ู…ุตุฑู‰
  • Nederlands
  • ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชž
  • Portuguรชs
  • Sinugboanong Binisaya
  • Svenska
  • ะฃะบั€ะฐั—ะฝััŒะบะฐ
  • Tiแบฟng Viแป‡t
  • Winaray
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  • ะ ัƒััะบะธะน
Sunting pranala
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