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Udi
Uti, Udin
удин муз, udin muz, 𐕒𐕡𐔳𐔼𐕎 𐕌𐕒𐕡𐔵
Pronunciation	[udin muz]
Native to	Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia
Region	Azerbaijan (Qabala and Oguz), Russia (North Caucasus), Georgia (Kvareli), and Armenia (Tavush)
Ethnicity	Udi people
Native speakers	3,800 in Azerbaijan (2011)[1] 1,860 in Russia (2020)[2] 90 in Georgia (2015)[1]
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Lezgic Samur Udi
Early form	Caucasian Albanian
Dialects	Nidzh Oktomberi Vartashen
Writing system	Cyrillic, Latin, Caucasian Albanian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	udi
Linguist List	udi.html
Glottolog	udii1243
ELP	Udi
Udi
Udi is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
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Udi (also called Uti or Udin)^[3] is a language spoken by the Udi people and a member of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.^[4] It is believed an earlier form of it was the main language of Caucasian Albania, which stretched from south Dagestan to current day Azerbaijan.^[5] The Old Udi language is also called the Caucasian Albanian language^[6] and possibly corresponds to the "Gargarian" language identified by medieval Armenian historians.^[5] Modern Udi is known simply as Udi.

The Udi language can most appropriately be broken up into five historical stages:^[8]

Soon after the year 700, the Old Udi language had probably ceased to be used for any purpose other than as the liturgical language of the Church of Caucasian Albania.^[9]

The language is spoken by about 4,000 people in the village of Nij, Azerbaijan, in Qabala District, in Oghuz District, as well as in parts of the North Caucasus in Russia. It is also spoken by ethnic Udis living in the villages of Debetavan, Bagratashen, Ptghavan, and Haghtanak in Tavush Province of northeastern Armenia, and in the village of Zinobiani (former Oktomberi) in the Qvareli Municipality of the Kakheti province of Georgia.

Udi is endangered,^[10] classified as "severely endangered" by UNESCO's Red Book of Endangered Languages.^[11]

Old Udi, unlike modern Udi, did not have the close-mid front rounded vowel /ø/.^[14] Old Udi contained an additional series of palatalized consonants.^[15]

The Old Udi language used the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. As evidenced by Old Udi documents discovered at Saint Catherine's Monastery in Egypt dating from the 7th century, the Old Udi language used 50 of the 52 letters identified by Armenian scholars in later centuries as having been used in Udi language texts.^[14]

In the 1930s, there was an attempt by Soviet authorities to create an Udi alphabet based on the Latin alphabet, as shown in the image, but its usage ceased after a short time.

In 1974, a Udi alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was compiled by V. L. Gukasyan. The alphabet in his Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary is as follows:

This alphabet was also used in the 1996 collection Nana oččal (Нана очъал).

In the mid-1990s, a new Latin-based Udi alphabet was created in Azerbaijan. A primer and two collections of works by Georgy Kechaari were published using it and it was also used for educational purposes in the village of Nic. The alphabet is as follows:^[16]

In 2007 in Astrakhan, Vladislav Dabakov published a collection of Udi folklore with a Latin-based alphabet as follows:

In 2013 in Russia, an Udi primer, Nanay muz (Нанай муз), was published with a Cyrillic-based alphabet, a modified version of the one used by V. L. Gukasyan in the Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary. The alphabet is as follows:^[17]

Udi is agglutinating with a tendency towards being fusional. Udi affixes are mostly suffixes or infixes, but there are a few prefixes. Old Udi used mostly suffixes.^[4] Most affixes are restricted to specific parts of speech. Some affixes behave as clitics. The word order is SOV.^[18]

Udi does not have gender, but has declension classes.^[19] Old Udi, however, did reflect grammatical gender within anaphoric pronouns.^[20]

Udi has a complex case system of 11 cases with 3 inflectional types:^[21]

1. Absolutive inflection (AI). Basis for oblique cases
2. Oblique inflection (OI). Characterised by additional morpheme ("stem augment"), usually -n-
3. Ergative inflection (EI). Serves as a basis for the other oblique cases.

^[21]

ğar means 'son'; mex means 'scythe'; xe means 'water' (note that OI is more common for xe). -V denotes voiced consonant.

• Languages of the Caucasus

Udi language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

For a list of words relating to Udi language, see the Udi language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Appendix:Cyrillic script
• The Udi Language: A grammatical description with sample text Archived 2024-12-24 at the Wayback Machine – Wolfgang Schulze 2001
• Udi basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
• The Udis
• Historical map
• A Functional Grammar of Udi, Wolfgang Schulze, 2002 Archived 2025-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
• A Functional Grammar of Udi, Wolfgang Schulze, 2006 Archived 2025-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
• The cognitive dimension of clausal organization in Udi, Wolfgang Schulze, 2000
• The Udi language, Wolfgang Schulze, 2002 Archived 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
• John M. Clifton: The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Udi in Azerbaijan. SIL International, 2005. (PDF-Datei; 206 kB)