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Velocipes - Wikipedia

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Velocipes Temporal range: Late Triassic, 221.5–205.6 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Norian

Fibula of the holotype
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda (?)
Genus:	†Velocipes Huene, 1932
Species:	†V. guerichi
Binomial name
†Velocipes guerichi Huene, 1932

Velocipes (meaning "quick foot") is a saurischian dinosaur genus from the Late Triassic that may have been a theropod; its fossils were found in the Norian-age Lissauer Breccia of southern Poland.^[1]

Upon discovery, Velocipes was thought to have been a coelurosaur, but more recent studies have shown that Velocipes was probably a basal theropod or dinosauriform.^[1]

History and taxonomy

The type species, V. guerichi, was first described by Huene in 1932 as a coelurosaur, based on GPIM UH no. 252, which consists of the proximal portion of a very poorly preserved fibula that was discovered in the Lissauer Breccia of Kocury, southern Poland by Georg Gürich around 1884;^[2]^[3] the bone was described but not named in 1884.^[4] The bone was damaged during the Second World War and was thought to have been destroyed until it was rediscovered in 2012 by D. Mazurek.^[5] In 1956, von Huene placed Velocipes in the Halticosauridae, which has since become monotypic to only include Halticosaurus.^[6] In 1984, Samuel Paul Welles considered Velocipes to be synonymous with Liliensternus.^[7]

A later paper, published in 2000 by Rauhut and Hungerbuhler, claimed that the only specimen of this animal was not well preserved enough to be confidently identified as part of a fibula, and classified the genus as an "indeterminate vertebrate".^[8] In 2004, Ronald Tykoski and Timothy Rowe listed Velocipes as a possible ceratosaur or coelophysoid.^[9] Weishampel et al. (2004) also listed Velocipes as a possible ceratosaur.^[10]

However, an SVP abstract reviewing putative dinosauriform remains from the Triassic of southern Poland confirmed the original theropod classification of Velocipes by von Huene, which was elaborated in detail in a 2017 paper.^[11]^[12] The authors considered Velocipes to have been a basal neotheropod or a taxon closely related to this clade.

Description

The surviving portion of the fibula is 16.4 cm long and after comparing the bone to other related theropods, it is believed that the full fibula was roughly 30-35 cm in length.^[12] The medial surface is slightly concave, suggesting that Velocipes may have been a neotheropod,^[12] and on the lateral surface of the bone there is a clear ridge about 52 mm long and about 5 mm high.

It is assumed that, based on the estimated size of the fibula, Velocipes may have reached up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) long and weighed around 50 kilograms (110 lb),^[12]^[5] although this can only be speculated as only one specimen of Velocipes is currently known to exist.^[2]

Paleoecology

Velocipes would have been contemporaneous with the aetosaur genus Kocurypelta, an indeterminate species of lungfish, and the stem-turtle Proterochersis cf. porebensis.^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Velocipes on the Dinosaur Mailing List
^ ^a ^b Huene, F. von. (1932). Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monogr. Geol. Pal. 4 (1) pts. 1 and 2, viii + 361 pp.
^ Gürich G. (1898), "The Paleozoic of the Polish Low Mountains", Verhandlungen der Russischen Kaiserlichen Gesellschaft zu Saint Petersburg 32 1898:1–539).
^ Gürich, G. (1884). Über einige Saurier des oberschlesischen Muschelkalkes. Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft 26: 136-141.
^ ^a ^b ^c Czepiński, Ł.; Dróżdż, D.; Szczygielski, T.; Tałanda, M.; Pawlak, W.; Lewczuk, A.; Rytel, A.; Sulej, T. (2021). "An Upper Triassic Terrestrial Vertebrate Assemblage from the Forgotten Kocury Locality (Poland) with a New Aetosaur Taxon". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41: e1898977. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1898977. S2CID 233522981.
^ von Huene F. (1956). Paläontologie und Phylogenie der niederen Tetrapoden. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
^ Welles SP (1984). Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria: Theropoda) osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185: 85-180.
^ Rauhut, O. W., and Hungerbühler, A. (2000). "A review of European Triassic theropods." Gaia, 15: 75-88.
^ Tykoski RS, Rowe TB (2004). Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P., Osmólska H. (ed.). The Dinosauria. II edition. Berkeley: California University Press, pp. 47-70.
^ Weishampel DB, Barrett PM, Coria RA, Le Loeuff J., Xu X., Zhao X., Sahni A., Gomani EMP, Noto CR (2004). Dinosaur distribution. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P., Osmólska H. (eds). The Dinosauria. II edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 517–606.
^ Czepinski et al., (2014). A Re-evaluation of the Purported Dinosaur Finds From The Middle-Late Triassic Of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (Supplement to volume 5): 115A.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Skawiński, T.; Ziegler, M.; Czepiński, Ł.; Szermański, M.; Tałanda, M.; Surmik, D.; Niedźwiedzki, G. (2017). "A re-evaluation of the historical 'dinosaur' remains from the Middle-Upper Triassic of Poland". Historical Biology. 29 (4): 442–472. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1188385.

Theropoda

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Clade: Avemetatarsalia
Clade: Dinosauria

Avemetatarsalia

see Avemetatarsalia
Theropoda	see below↓

Theropoda

Neotheropoda

Coelophysoidea

Dracoraptor? Panguraptor Pendraig Podokesaurus Powellvenator
Coelophysidae	Camposaurus Coelophysis Lucianovenator Megapnosaurus? Panguraptor? Procompsognathus Pterospondylus? Segisaurus

Averostra

- see below↓

Dubious neotheropods

Teinurosaurus
Halticosaurus

Averostra

Dornraptor
Lophostropheus?

Ceratosauria

Berberosaurus Fosterovenator? Jubbulpuria Lukousaurus? Saltriovenator
Ceratosauridae	Ceratosaurus Genyodectes

Abelisauroidea

Noasauridae

Afromimus? Austrocheirus? Berthasaura Compsosuchus? Dahalokely? Deltadromeus? Genusaurus? Kiyacursor Ligabueino Spinostropheus
Elaphrosaurinae	Elaphrosaurus Huinculsaurus Limusaurus
Noasaurinae	Laevisuchus Masiakasaurus Noasaurus Velocisaurus Vespersaurus

Abelisauridae

Majungasaurinae

Carnotaurinae

Majungasaurinae?

Brachyrostra

Dahalokely? Ekrixinatosaurus Elemgasem Guemesia Ilokelesia Llukalkan Niebla Rahiolisaurus? Skorpiovenator Thanos
Furileusauria	Abelisaurus Aucasaurus Caletodraco Carnotaurus Elemgasem? Koleken Pycnonemosaurus Quilmesaurus Viavenator

Tetanurae	see below↓

Tetanurae

Orionides

Megalosauroidea

Yunyangosaurus
Piatnitzkysauridae	Condorraptor Marshosaurus Piatnitzkysaurus Xuanhanosaurus?

Megalosauria

Streptospondylus?

Megalosauridae

Eustreptospondylus
Megalosaurinae	Duriavenator Megalosaurus Torvosaurus Wiehenvenator
Afrovenatorinae	Afrovenator Dubreuillosaurus Leshansaurus Magnosaurus Piveteausaurus Poekilopleuron?

Spinosauridae

Baryonychinae

Baryonyx Protathlitis Riojavenatrix Suchosaurus? Vallibonavenatrix?
Ceratosuchopsini	Ceratosuchops Riparovenator Suchomimus

Spinosaurinae

Camarillasaurus? Ichthyovenator Irritator Oxalaia Siamosaurus
Spinosaurini	Sigilmassasaurus Spinosaurus

Avetheropoda	see below↓

Avetheropoda

Gasosaurus?
Lourinhanosaurus?

Carnosauria

Allosauroidea

Metriacanthosauridae

Xuanhanosaurus? Yangchuanosaurus
Metriacanthosaurinae	Alpkarakush Metriacanthosaurus Shidaisaurus Siamotyrannus Sinraptor

Carcharodontosauridae

Carcharodontosaurinae

Carcharodontosaurus
Giganotosaurini	Giganotosaurus Mapusaurus Meraxes Taurovenator Tyrannotitan

Megaraptora?

Aoniraptor Bahariasaurus? Deltadromeus? Fukuiraptor Phuwiangvenator Rapator Siats? Chilantaisaurus?
Megaraptoridae	Aerosteon Australovenator Maip Megaraptor Murusraptor Orkoraptor Tratayenia

Coelurosauria

- see below↓

Coelurosauria

Tyrannoraptora

Tyrannosauroidea

Chingkankousaurus Labocania?
Coeluridae?	Coelurus Tanycolagreus?
Proceratosauridae	Guanlong Kileskus Proceratosaurus Sinotyrannus Yutyrannus

Albertosaurus
Gorgosaurus

Tyrannosaurinae

Asiatyrannus Nanuqsaurus
Alioramini	Alioramus Qianzhousaurus
Daspletosaurini	Daspletosaurus Thanatotheristes
Teratophoneini	Bistahieversor? Dynamoterror Labocania? Lythronax Teratophoneus
Tyrannosaurini	Tarbosaurus Tyrannosaurus Zhuchengtyrannus

Maniraptoromorpha	see below↓

Dubious coelurosaurs	Iliosuchus Kakuru Phaedrolosaurus Shanyangosaurus

Maniraptoromorpha

Neocoelurosauria

Aniksosaurus
Compsognathidae	Aniksosaurus? Aristosuchus Beipiaognathus? Compsognathus Huaxiagnathus Mirischia Scipionyx? Sinocalliopteryx Sinosauropteryx Xunmenglong

Maniraptoriformes

Compsognathidae?

Ornithomimosauria

Macrocheiriformes

Harpymimus Pelecanimimus Shenzhousaurus
Deinocheiridae	Beishanlong Deinocheirus Garudimimus Harpymimus? Paraxenisaurus? Tyrannomimus
Ornithomimidae	Aepyornithomimus Anserimimus Archaeornithomimus "Coelosaurus" Dromiceiomimus Gallimimus Ornithomimus Qiupalong Rativates Sinornithomimus Struthiomimus Tototlmimus

Maniraptora

- see Maniraptora
- includes birds

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